FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Livestock 2011. Rome: Livestock in Food security; 2011. p. 117.
Google Scholar
OECD Agriculture Statistics. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook (Edition 2018). 2018. https://data.oecd.org/agroutput/meat-consumption.htm. Accessed 03 Dec 2018.
FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division. 2016. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 18 Sep 2018.
IFIF. International Feed Industry Federation. 2018. https://ifif.org/global-feed/industry/. Accessed 18 Sep 2018.
Google Scholar
Veldkamp T, Bosch G. Insects: a protein-rich feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets. Anim Front. 2015;5:45–50.
Google Scholar
Makkar HPS, Tran G, Heuzé V, Ankers P. State of the art on use of insects as animal feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2014;197:1–33.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sánchez-Muros MJ, Barroso FG, Manzano-Agugliaro F. Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review. J Clean Prod. 2015;65:16–27.
Article
Google Scholar
Henry M, Gasco L, Piccolo G, Fountoulaki E. Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2015;203:1–22.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Salomone R, Saija G, Mondello G, Giannetto A, Fasulo S, Savastano D. Environmental impact of food waste bioconversion by insects: application of life cycle assessment to process using Hermetia illucens. J Clean Prod. 2017;140:890–905.
Article
Google Scholar
Meneguz M, Schiavone A, Gai F, Dama A, Lussiana C, Renna M, et al. Effect of rearing substrate on growth performance, waste reduction efficiency and chemical composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. J Sci Food Agric. 2018a;98:5776–84.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Martínez-Sánchez A, Magaña C, Saloña M, Rojo S. First record of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) on human corpses in Iberian Peninsula. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;206:e76–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Meneguz M, Gasco L, Tomberlin JK. Impact of pH and feeding system on black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, L; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larval development. PLoS One. 2018b;13:e0202591.
Article
Google Scholar
Jucker C, Erba D, Leonardi MG, Lupi D, Savoldelli S. Assessment of vegetable and fruit substrates as potential rearing media for Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae. Environ Entomol. 2017;46:1415–23.
Article
Google Scholar
Biasato I, Gasco L, De Marco M, Renna M, Rotolo L, Dabbou S, et al. Effects of yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) inclusion in diets for female broiler chickens: implications for animal health and gut histology. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2017;234:253–63.
Article
Google Scholar
Biasato I, Gasco L, De Marco M, Renna M, Rotolo L, Dabbou S, et al. Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) inclusion in diets for male broiler chickens: effects on growth performance, gut morphology, and histological findings. Poult Sci. 2018;97:540–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dabbou S, Gai F, Biasato I, Capucchio MT, Biasibetti E, Dezzutto D, et al. Black soldier fly defatted meal as a dietary protein source for broiler chickens: effects on growth performance, blood traits, gut morphology and histological features. J Animal Sci Biotechnol. 2018;9:49.
Article
Google Scholar
Gasco L, Henry M, Piccolo G, Marono S, Gai F, Renna M, et al. Tenebrio molitor meal in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles: growth performance, whole body composition and in vivo apparent digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2016;220:34–45.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Renna M, Schiavone A, Gai F, Dabbou S, Lussiana C, Malfatto V, et al. Evaluation of the suitability of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2017;8:57.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Elia AC, Capucchio MT, Caldaroni B, Magara G, Dörr AJF, Biasato I, et al. Influence of Hermetia illucens meal dietary inclusion on the histological traits, gut mucin composition and the oxidative stress biomarkers in rainbow trout. Aquaculture. 2018;496:50–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bayadina GV, Inkina ZG. Effect of prolonged use of housefly larvae in the diet of sows and their offspring on the fattening and meat quality of the young. Nutr Abstr Rev. 1980;52:335.
Google Scholar
Viroje-Wanasithchaiwat M-S. Effects of fly larval meal grown on pig manure as a source of protein in early weaned pig diets. Thurakit-Ahansat (Thailand). 1989;6:28–31.
Google Scholar
Driemeyer H. Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as an alternative protein source in pig creep diets in relation to production, blood and manure microbiology parameters. South Africa: Thesis for the degree of master of science, University of Stellenbosch; 2016. p. 114.
Google Scholar
Jin XH, Heo PS, Hong JS, Kim NJ, Kim YY. Supplementation of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in weaning pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2016;29:979–86.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Velten S, Neumann C, Dorper A, Liebert F. Response of piglets due to amino acid optimization of mixed diets with 75% replacement of soybean-meal by partly defatted insect meal (H. illucens). INSECTA 2017. September 7–8, 2017 Berlin, Germany p. 63.
Spranghers T, Michiels J, Vrancx J, Ovyn A, Eeckhout M, De Clercq P, et al. Gut antimicrobial effects and nutritional value of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) prepupae for weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2018;235:33–42.
Article
Google Scholar
Newton GL, Booram CV, Barker RW, Hale OM. Dried Hermetia Illucens larvae meal as a supplement for swine. J Anim Sci. 1977;44:395–400.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Celi P, Cowieson AJ, Fru-Nji F, Steinert RE, Kluenter A-M, Verlha V. Gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health: new opportunities for sustainable animal production. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2017;234:88–100.
Article
Google Scholar
van Huis A. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annu Rev Entomol. 2013;58:563–83.
Article
Google Scholar
Wu Q, Patočka J, Kuča K. Insect antimicrobial peptides, a mini review. Toxins (Basel). 2018;10:461.
Article
Google Scholar
NRC (National Research Council). Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th ed. Washington, D.C: The National Academy Press; 2012.
Google Scholar
Zhang F, Adeola O. Techniques for evaluating digestibility of energy, amino acids, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients for pigs. Animal Nutr. 2017;3:344–52.
Article
Google Scholar
AOAC International. Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. 16th ed. Arlington: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2000.
Google Scholar
AOAC International. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17th ed. Gaithersburg, MD: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2003.
Google Scholar
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 1991;74:3583–97.
Article
Google Scholar
Noblet J, Bontems V, Tran G. Estimation of the energy value of feeds for pigs. INRA Prod Anim. 2003;16:197–210.
Google Scholar
Finke MD. Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects. Zoo Biol. 2007;26:105–15.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Madrid J, Martínez S, López C, Orengo J, López MJ, Hernández F. Effects of low protein diets on growth performance, carcass traits and ammonia emission of barrows and gilts. Anim Prod Sci. 2013;53:146–53.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Short FJ, Gorton P, Wiseman J, Boorman KN. Determination of titanium dioxide added as an inert marker in chicken digestibility studies. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1996;59:215–21.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Almeida VV, Nuñez AJ, Schinckel AP, Alvarenga PV, Castelini FR, Silva-Guillen YV, et al. Interactive effect of dietary protein and dried citrus pulp levels on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and hindgut fermentation of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci. 2017;95:257–69.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Opheim M, Strube ML, Sterten H, Øverland M, Kjos NP. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) protein hydrolysate in diets for weaning piglets - effect on growth performance, intestinal morphometry and microbiota composition. Arch Anim Nutr. 2016;70:44–56.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chen ZB. Analysis for nutritional value of four kinds of insects and use of Tenebrio molitor power in weaning pig production. Shandong: China knowledge resource integrated database (CNKI), Shandong Agricultural University; 2012.
Google Scholar
Huang ZZ, Zhang NZ. Development of a new source of protein feed – rearing maggots. Feed Res. 1984;87:17–21.
Zhang JH, Zhou EF. Feed resource and utilization. Beijing: China agriculture press; 2002.
Google Scholar
Jeuniaux C, Cornelius C. Distribution and activity of chitinolytic enzymes in the digestive tract of birds and mammals. Boston: First international conference on Chitin/Chitosan; 1977. p. 542–9.
Google Scholar
He B, Wang L, Wang J, Li G, Zhang S. Positive selection of three chitinase genes of the family 18 of glycoside hydrolases in mammals. Biologia. 2009;64:819–25.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Han KN, Kwon IK, Lohakare JD, Heo S, Chae BJ. Chito-oligosaccharides as an alternative to antimicrobials in improving performance, digestibility and microbial ecology of the gut in weanling pigs. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 2007;20:556–62.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Friendship RM, Lumsden JH, McMillan I, Wilson MR. Hematology and biochemistry reference values for Ontario swine. Can J Comp Med. 1984;48:390–3.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
He Q, Ren P, Kong X, Xu W, Tang H, Yin Y, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction alters the metabonome of the serum and jejunum in piglets. Mol BioSyst. 2011;7:2147–55.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Pluske JR, Thompson MJ, Atwood CS, Bird PH, Williams IH, Hartmann PE. Maintenance of villus height and crypt depth, and enhancement of disaccharide digestion and monosaccharide absorption, in piglets fed on cows’ whole milk after weaning. Br J Nutr. 1996;76:409–22.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Zijlstra RT, Whang KY, Easter RA, Odle J. Effect of feeding a milk replacer to early-weaned pigs on growth, body composition, and small intestinal morphology, compared with suckled littermates. J Anim Sci. 1996;74:2948–59.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chwen LT, Foo HL, Thanh NT, Choe DW. Growth performance, plasma fatty acids, villous height and crypt depth of preweaning piglets fed with medium chain triacylglycerol. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2013;26:700–4.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Al Masri S, Hünigen H, Al Aiyan A, Rieger J, Zentek J, Richardson K, et al. Influence of age at weaning and feeding regimes on the postnatal morphology of the porcine small intestine. J Swine Health Prod. 2015;23:186–203.
Google Scholar
Hedemann MS, Eskildsen M, Laerke HN, Pedersen C, Lindberg JE, Laurinen P, et al. Intestinal morphology and enzymatic activity in newly weaned pigs fed contrasting fiber concentrations and fiber properties. J Anim Sci. 2006;84:1375–86.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rubio LA, Ruiz R, Peinado MJ, Echavarri A. Morphology and enzymatic activity of the small intestinal mucosa of Iberian pigs as compared with a lean pig strain. J Anim Sci. 2010;88:3590–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mason F, Pascotto E, Zanfi C, Spanghero M. Effect of dietary inclusion of whole ear corn silage on stomach development and gastric mucosa integrity of heavy pigs at slaughter. Vet J. 2013;198:717–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar