Fig. 8

Geographical distribution and main characteristics of the 5 commercialized in ovo sexing techniques. Four companies are German (DE), whereas one company is Dutch (NL). The non-optical techniques are applied in the Netherlands and Germany, the NMR technique is applied in France, and the VIS–NIR technique is applied in Spain, Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany [164, 166,167,168,169]. The prediction accuracies indicated by ~ are claimed by the companies and may necessitate additional validation of their robustness through field implementation (figure made with BioRender.com)