Winery by-products as a feed source with functional properties: dose–response effect of grape pomace, grape seed meal, and grape seed extract on rumen microbial community and their fermentation activity in RUSITEC

Table 4 Alpha-diversity of microbiota detected in fermentation liquid as affected by dietary treatment^a

Item	Treatment						SEM	Overall P-value	Contrast P-value
Item	CON	EXT	GP-low	GP-high	GS-low	GS-high			EXT vs. GP	EXT vs. GS	GP vs. GS
Number of observed ASVs^b	929	811	883	660^*	801	983	69.0	0.014	0.577	0.283	0.049
Shannon	4.79	4.69	4.67	4.72	4.63	4.79	0.14	0.821	0.966	0.875	0.889
Simpson	0.97	0.96	0.96	0.97	0.96	0.96	0.00	0.678	0.904	0.691	0.527
Fisher’s alpha	175	152⁺	168	143	159	181	11.0	0.056	0.762	0.121	0.110

Values in the same row with * significantly differ from CON (P < 0.05) or with + tend to differ from CON (0.05 < P ≤ 0.10) according to Dunnett’s test
^aDiets without (CON) or with different inclusion levels of grape pomace (GP-low and GP-high) or grape seed meal (GS-low and GS-high) or supplemented with grape seed extract (EXT)
^bAmplicon sequence variants

ISSN: 2049-1891