Winery by-products as a feed source with functional properties: dose–response effect of grape pomace, grape seed meal, and grape seed extract on rumen microbial community and their fermentation activity in RUSITEC

Table 1 Ingredients, chemical composition, and total phenol contents of treatments without (CON) or with different inclusion levels of grape pomace (GP), grape seed meal (GS) or supplemented with a grape seed extract (EXT)

Item	CON	EXT	GP-low	GP-high	GS-low	GS-high
Ingredient composition, % of DM (otherwise stated)
Hay^a	70	70	65	56	70	65
Grain mix^b	30	30	25	24	25	25
Grape pomace	0	0	10	20	0	0
Grape seed meal	0	0	0	0	5	10
Grape seed extract, % of basal diet DM	0	3.7	0	0	0	0
Chemical composition, % of DM (otherwise stated)
Dry matter, % of fresh matter	89.21	89.21	89.54	90.81	89.52	89.78
Organic matter	92.29	92.29	92.57	92.54	92.61	92.92
Crude protein	18.70	18.70	19.13	18.30	19.82	18.84
Ether extract	2.58	2.58	3.66	3.39	2.48	2.55
Neutral detergent fiber	49.26	49.26	48.31	52.56	50.08	51.67
Acid detergent fiber	20.88	20.88	24.68	28.46	23.07	24.16
Non-fiber carbohydrates	21.75	21.75	21.47	18.29	20.23	20.26
Net energy lactation, MJ/kg DM	7.04	7.04	6.92	6.83	6.83	6.66
Total phenol content^c
Daily supply, % of diet DM	2.9	6.4	4.0	5.0	3.6	4.1
Thereof grape by-product, % of diet DM	0	3.4	1.3	2.7	0.7	1.4

^aContained (on dry matter basis), 6.84 MJ/kg net energy lactation, 91.7% organic matter, 21.9% crude protein; 20.5% water soluble carbohydrates, 45.2% neutral detergent fiber and 2.2% ether extract
^bContained (on dry matter basis, %) 21.6 barley; 21.6 wheat; 51.7 corn; and 5.2 vitamin and mineral supplement (Rindavit TMR 11 ASS-CO + ATG; H. Wilhelm Schaumann GmbH & Co KG, Brunn/Gebirge, Austria)
^cExpressed as catechin equivalents

ISSN: 2049-1891