Table 3 Environmental factors associated with intergenerational and transgenerational inheritances

Stress

Chronic paternal stress

Transgenerational

F2

miRNA

miR-29c, miR-30a, miR-30c, miR-32, miR-193-5p, miR-204, miR-375, miR-532-3p, miR-698

Stress dysregulation

Mouse

[124]

Maternal heat stress

Transgenerational

F3

Heat stress

Cow

[125]

Poly (I:C)

Transgenerational

F2

ARHGAP40, FGB, HRH4, PHLDA2, PODN, NTSR1 and NMU

Chicken

[126]

Drought stress

Transgenerational

F6

DNA methylation

II-32B, Huhan-3

Drought resistance

Rice

[127]

Obesity

Weight loss

Intergenerational

F1

DNA methylation

TMEM18, CHST8, SH2B1, BDNF, FTO, MC4R

Human

[124]

Environmental contaminant/Endocrine disruptor

Polychlorinated biphenyls

Intergenerational

F1

DNA methylation

Alu, LINE-1, Satα

Human

[128]

Bisphenol A

Intergenerational

F1

DNA methylation

Long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINE-1)

Human

[129]

Diet

Paternal high-fat–high-sugar Diet

Transgenerational

F2

miRNA

miR-19b

Obesity and glucose intolerance

Mouse

[130]

High-fat diet

Transgenerational

F2

miRNA

let-7c

Body weight

Mouse

[131]

Paternal high fat diet or low-protein diet

Transgenerational

F2

tsRNA

tsRNA^Gly(GCC)

Metabolic disorders

Mouse

[29]

Vitamin D deficiency

Intergenerational

F1 and F2

DNA methylation

H19ICR

Body weight

Mouse

[132]

Low paternal dietary folate

Intergenerational

F1

DNA methylation

Txndc16, Cav1

Offspring abnormalities

Mouse

[133]

Utero undernutrition

Intergenerational

F2

DNA methylation

Lxra

Metabolic disorder

Mouse

[134]

Diabetes

Paternal prediabetes

Intergenerational

F1 and F2

DNA methylation

Pik3ca, Pik3r1

Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance

Mouse

[135]

Freeze

Cryopreservation

Intergenerational

F0

Histone

Histone H1-DNA binding

Proteins and protein-DNA disulphide

bond

Alteration

Pig

[136]