Table 2 Summary of key gene and metabolite functions in the mGWAS

 TDH

3:107,175,865 (T/C)

Glycine

Mitochondrial threonine dehydrogenase (TDH) enzyme to catabolize threonine into glycine and acetyl-CoA in mouse ES cells [48];

TDH catalyzes the conversion of 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate to acetyl CoA and glycine [49];

 AASS

1:23,005,471 (A/T)

Homoarginine

Synthesis of L-homoarginine (hArg) from Arg and L-lysine in animals and humans [50];

AASS catalyzes the first two steps in the mammalian lysine degradation pathway;

 ABCB1

2:20,748,311 (G/A)

PA 37:10

ABC transporter protein is a lipid transporter protein [51];

ABCB1 transports phospholipids [52];

1-Hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine (PC(16:0/18:1(9Z)))

CD36

1:11,301,220 (T/C)

Cer 36:3 (a)

Cer 36:3 is a ceramide, members of the class of compounds known as sphingolipids;

CD36 is a number of key proteins involved in fatty acid uptake [53];

Cer 36:3 (c)

1:11,358,208 (G/A)

Cer-NS d36:3

1:11,370,522 (A/C)

Cer-NP t19:1/14:1

 UGT1A1

7:5,826,779 (C/T)

Biliverdin (a)

UGT1A1 encodes an enzyme with bilirubin glucuronidating activity;

Bilirubin is derived from biliverdin [54]

Biliverdin (b)