Fig. 3

An overview of the construction methods, study areas, benefits, and applications of pangenome. The top panel explains the concept of a pangenome, sample collection, four pangenome construction approaches, and lists the analytical materials that go into creating one. The advantages of the pangenome over the linear reference genome are demonstrated in the middle section, primarily utilizing instances from domesticated animals. The pangenome’s primary uses are detailed in the final panel. Briefly stated, the pangenome project uses NGS and/or TGS to first gather the genomic data of representative samples worldwide, and then uses various construction techniques to compare these data to the reference genome or do comparative genomic analysis. Following the development of the pangenome concept, the main emphasis is placed on the core/dispensable genome, novel sequences, and SVs, combining with GWAS and transcriptomics to examine the relationship between genes and function, biology, and adaptation. Using discovered variants to build a graphical pangenome, which has significant advantages in defining genomic characteristics [51, 52], is a clear emerging trend today