Fig. 4

Gut Microbiota regulate the duodenal IgA response. A Confocal images showed the tissues (blue), MHC II (red) and FISH probes EUB388-FAM targeted total bacteria (green) in duodenum sections, Scale bars, 100 μm. B Confocal images showed the tissues (blue), IgA (red) and FISH probes EUB388-FAM targeted total bacteria (green) in duodenum sections, Scale bars, 50 μm. C–E Gene expression levels in duodenum of AA and WLMB (n = 6). F Confocal images showed NF-κB (red) and nucleus (blue) in duodenum, Scale bars, 10 μm. G Morphology of the cecum and cecal contents. H Gene expression level of IgA in duodenum (n = 6). I Concentration of IgA in duodenal contents (n = 6). J Gene expression level of IL-1β in duodenum (n = 6). K Immune organ index among control, VNAM, and IMT (n = 6). Data are means ± SEM; unpaired Student’s t test; β-actin and HMBS were used as the endogenous control for qPCR. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001