Table 1 Summary of toxicologic studies of SeNPs in various mammalian species

Mice

35

0.1 mg Se/kg diet

45

SeNPs-M showed↑ Se retention and the levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase

72 mg/kg

[45]

Mice

20

200 μg Se/kg BW/d

90

Under the safe dose (0.75–7.5 mg/kg), oral administration of PTR-SeNPs dramatically inhibited the growth of cancer in a tumor-bearing nude mouse mode

20 mg/kg

[46]

Mice

40–55

2 mg Se/kg BW/d

28

SeNPs, caused↓ bone marrow cell death and prevented DNA damage, compared to other forms of selenium

[47]

Mice

20

0.5, 5, and 50 mg Se/kg diet

14

Toxicity ↑ when inorganic Se was applied than after subacute application of Sel-Plex, nanoSe, or LactoMicroSe

[48]

Mice

70–90

1 and 4 mg Se/kg

28

Nano-selenium at low dose (1 mg/kg) exhibited antioxidant effects in the liver compared to the high dose (4 mg/kg) of SeNPs and sodium selenite (1 and 4 mg/kg)

113.87 mg/kg

[49]

Mice

50

Chitosan

10.5 g Se/kg

45

Acute fetal test showed SeNPs-C/C was safer than selenite, with a median lethal dose (LD50) of approximately 4-fold to 11-fold of that of selenite

8.8 mg/kg

[50]

Na₂SeO₃

Mice

5

2, 4 and 6 mg/kg BW

15

Selenite and SeNPs completely and partially suppressed mice growth respectively. Abnormal liver function was more pronounced with selenite treatment than SeNPs

15.7 mg/kg

[51]

SeMetCys

Mice

20–60

10 mg Se/kg

7

↓Body growth, ireversible changes by SeMSC, reversible changes by SeNPs in liver; ↑ serum ALT and LDH in SeMSC compared to SeNPs and ctrl. ↑ GST activity in SeNPs group compared to SeMSC and ctrl; ↓ T-AOC in SeMSC group, not in SeNPs group

SeMSC 14.6 mg Se/kg and SeNPs 92.1 mg Se/kg

[39]

SeMet

Mice

20–60

10 mg Se/kg

7

↑Gpx and thioredoxin reductase, ↓toxicity as indicated by median lethal dose, acute liver injury, and short-term toxicity by SeNPs

27.0 mg/kg

[52]

SeO₂

Mice

80–220

Green synthetized via Bacillus sp.

2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg BW

14

↓ Body weight, ↑ AST, ALT, ALP, Cr, Chol, TG, TB and worsed hematological parameters in total blood at the dose of 20 mg/kg

SeO2–7.3 mg/kg SeNPs 198.1 mg/kg

[53]

Rats

78.88

2, 4, and 8 mg Se/kg BW

14

↓ Antioxidant capacity in serum, liver, heart; ↓ expression of GPx-1 and GPx-4 in liver; ↑MDA in liver

[54]

Rats

79.88

0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg Se/kg BW

14

↓ Body weight, ↑ ALP, SAST, CHol, ↑ liver weight; ↓ thymus weight; ↑ Apoptotic cells count in liver

[37]

Rats

4.6, 24.5

κ-carrageenan-capped SeNPs

500 μg/kg BW

10

↓ Count of astroglial cells in brain; ↑ Se accumulation in liver, kidneys, brain in 4.6 nm SeNPs treated group; − changes in internal organs and glands

[37]

Na₂SeO₃

Rats

100–150

Green synthetized via potatoe extract, PEG coated

5, 10, 15 μg/kg

21

Organ weight in SeNPs groups; ↓ decreased weight of internal organs in sodium selenite group; no differences in heamatological parameters in sodium selenite group X markable changes in SeNPs group compared to ctrl; sodium selenite negatively affected; histopathology of liver, but not SeNPs; ↓ concentration of Se in breast milk in SeNPs compared to sodium selenite and ctrl group

[55]

Na₂SeO₃

Rats

20

0.05, 0.5, or 4 mg Se/kg BW

28

↓ Body weight; − neurotransmitters, hematological parameters, histology of liver

[35]

Na₂SeO₃

Rats

80

PVA modified

1.2 mg Se/kg

30

↓ GSH in liver for Se, SeNPs groups; ↑ GSSG in liver for Se, SeNPs groups; higher retention of Se in group of SeNPs compared to Se group in blood

[56]

Rats

79.88

0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg Se/kg BW

14

The supranutritional ↑ sperm motility and movement parameters, The nonlethal levels of 4.0 and 8.0 mg Se/kg BW ↓ testisweight, sperm concentration, and motility and also caused histopathological injury of testisand epididymis tissues to various degrees

[57]

Rats

100

0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 mg Se/kg

28

Histopathological examination showed damage to the liver parenchyma and intestinal epithelium, ↓ ALT activity

7 mg/kg

[58]

Na₂SeO₃

Rats

10, 18 mg/kg

10

CK, CK-MB and LDH levels of Group IV ↑ other groups on both the 2nd and 10th days. In Groups II and III, this serum level decreased, and vitamin B₁₂ ↑

10 mg/kg

[59]

Rats

5–100

2, 3, 4 and 5 ppm

91

The toxicity was ↑more pronounced in the selenite and high-selenium protein groups than the Nano-Se group

113 mg/kg

[60]

Na₂SeO₃

Rats

20–60

0.0096 and 0.1 ppm

14

SeNPs has a 7-fold lower acute toxicity than sodium selenite in mice (LD50 113 and 15 mg Se/kg body weight respectively

15.7 mg/kg

[61]

Na₂SeO₃

Rabbits

0.3 mg/kg BW

42

− Chol, TG, TP, Glu, ALT, AST, ↑ GPx mRNA expression, TAOC

Na₂SeO₃

Chickens

100

Green synthetized

0.3 mg Se/kg diet

42

− Serum glucose, cholesterol, lipoprotein, thyroid hormone, and liver function levels and biomarkers of kidney function; ↓ lowest relative weight of the liver; ↑ otal protein in serum

[62]

Chickens

60

0.15, 0.30, 0.60 and 1.20 mg/kg/d

49

Se in serum, liver and breast muscle ↑, magnitude of increase was substantially ↑ when Nano Se was fed

113.0 mg/kg

[63]

SeYeast, SeMet

Chickens

0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg diet

42

SeNPs improved yellowness, redness and meat quality, NS and organic sources of Se resulted in better meat quality

[64]

Chickens

100

0.3, 0.9 and 1.5 ppm

29

inorganic Se caused↓bioavailability in breast and duodenum tissue and↑ accumulation in organs involved in detoxification compared to organic selenium SeNPs

[65]

Chickens

200

0.15, 0.30, 0.45 ppm

32

SeHME showed ↑ expression of GPx-4 in the livers and SelW in the spleens compared with SeS treatment

[66]

Chickens

100

0.3, 0.9 and 1.5 ppm

29

Inorganic Se leads↓ bioavailability in breast and duodenum tissue and ↑ accumulation in organs involved in detoxification processes as compared to organic Se and SeNPs

[65]

Sheeps

40

5 mg Se/kg BW

30

HB, RBCs, and PCV in Nano-Se ↓, SLD, GOT, CTT and AP in Nano-Se group was↑. Levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IL-2,TNF-α in NanoSe group were↓ than those of the control.

[67]

SeMet, Na₂SeO₃

Piglets

28–59

0.3 mg Se/kg diet

28

↑ Glutathion peroxidasis, expression of selenoprotein W (SELW), GPx1, and GPx3 in the liver

[68]

Pigs

100

0.5 mg Se/kg diet

45

− Performance; ↑ concentration Se in muscle, T-AOC, GPx, SOD, CAT; ↓ MDA

[69]

SeYeast

Sheep

4 mg/kg

25

Ruminal pH, ammonia N concentration, molar proportion of propionate, ratio of acetate to propionate ↓and total ruminal VFA concentration was ↑ with NS and YS

[70]

Na₂SeO₃

Cows

100

0.3 mg Se/kg diet

30

−Matter intake, milk yield and composition; ↑ plasma Se levels and GPx; ↓ mRNA expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 1, 2 and 4; thioredoxin reductase 2 and 3; and selenoproteins W, T, K and F

[71]