Table 2 Effects of selected major mycotoxins on feed intake
From: Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation
Mycotoxin | Source of contamination | Animal model | LOAEL, mg/kg feeda | NOEL, mg/kg feedb | Feed intakec | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFB1 | Artificial | Broilers | 0.04 | NA | D | [34] |
AFB1 | Artificial | Broilers | NA | 0.5 | NS | [35] |
AFB1 | Artificial | Broilers | NA | 1 | NS | [36] |
AFB1 | Artificial | Broilers | 5 | NA | D | [37] |
AF | Natural | Laying hens | 0.123 | NA | D | [38] |
AF | Natural | Laying hens | 0.267 | NA | D | [39] |
AFB1 | Natural | Ducks | NA | Up to 0.1 | NS | [40] |
AFB1 | Natural | Ducks | 0.12002 | NA | D | [41] |
AFB1 | Artificial | Ducks | 0.21 | NA | D | [42] |
AF | Artificial | Turkeys | 0.05 | NA | D | [43] |
AF | Artificial | Turkeys | 0.5 | NA | D | [44] |
AF | Artificial | Pigs | NA | 0.02 | NS | [45] |
AFB1 | Artificial | Pigs | NA | 0.28 | NS | [46] |
AFB1 | Artificial | Dairy goats | NA | 0.05 | NS | [47] |
DON | Artificial | Ducks | NA | 5 | NS | [48] |
DON | Artificial | Broilers | NA | 5 | NS | [49] |
DON | Natural | Broiler | NA | 5 | NS | [50] |
DON | Artificial | Turkey | NA | 5 | NS | [51] |
DON | Natural | Pigs | NA | 1 | NS | [52] |
DON | Natural | Pigs | 1.7 | NA | D | [53] |
DON | Natural | Pigs | 2.86 | NA | D | [54] |
DON | Natural | Pigs | 3.02 | NA | D | [55] |
DON | Artificial | Pigs | 3.8 | NA | D | [56] |
DON | Natural | Pigs | 4 | NA | D | [57] |
DON | Not specified | Pigs | 5 | NA | D | [58] |
FUM | Natural | Broilers | NA | Up to 5.5 | NS | [59] |
FUM | Artificial | Broilers | NA | 20 | NS | [49] |
FUM | Artificial | Ducks | NA | 20 | NS | [48] |
FUM | Artificial | Turkey | NA | 20 | NS | [51] |
FUM | Natural | Pigs | 30 | NA | D | [60] |
FUM | Natural | Pigs | 60 | NA | D | [60] |
OTA | Natural | Broilers | NA | 0.172 | NS | [61] |
OTA | Artificial | Broilers | NA | 2 | NS | [62] |
OTA | Not specified | Pigs | 0.4 | NA | D | [63] |
ZEN | Artificial | Ducks | NA | 0.5 | NS | [48] |
ZEN | Artificial | Turkey | NA | 0.5 | NS | [51] |
ZEN | Artificial | Laying hens | NA | 0.26 | NS | [38] |
ZEN | Artificial | Broilers | 0.5 | NA | D | [49] |
ZEN | Natural | Pigs | NA | 1 | NS | [52] |
ZEN | Purified powder | Pigs | NA | 1 | NS | [64] |
ZEN | Purified powder | Pigs | NA | 1.04 | NS | [65] |
ZEN | Purified powder | Pigs | NA | 1.22 | NS | [66] |
AFB1 + OTA | Artificial | Broilers | 0.025+ 0.1 | NA | D | [67] |
AFB1 + OTA | Purified | Dairy goats | NA | 0.05 + 0.1 | NS | [47] |
AF + ZEN | Natural | Laying hens | 0.123 + 0.260 | NA | D | [38] |
AFB1+ ZEN | Purified | Dairy goats | NA | 0.05 + 0.5 | NS | [47] |
DON+FUM | Artificial | Dairy cattle | NA | 0.733 + 0.994 | NS | [68] |
DON + ZEN | Natural | Pigs | 0.2654 + 1 | NA | D | [52] |
DON + ZEN | Natural | Dairy cattle | NA | 1.966 + 0.366 | NS | [69] |
DON + ZEN | Natural | Dairy cattle | NA | 5.24 + 0.66 | NS | [70] |
ZEN + FUM | Purified ZEN+ Natural FUM | Broilers | NA | 1+3.15 | NS | [59] |
ZEN + FUM | Purified ZEN+ Natural FUM | Broilers | NA | 1+5.5 | NS | [59] |
DON + FUM + ZEN | Artificial | Ducks | NA | 5 + 20 + 0.5 | NS | [48] |
DON + FUM + ZEN | Artificial | Turkey | NA | 5 + 20 + 0.5 | NS | [51] |
DON + FUM + ZEN | Artificial | Broilers | 5 + 20 + 0.5 | NA | D | [49] |
DON + FUM + ZEN | Artificial | Pigs | 0.9 + 5 + 0.1 | NA | D | [71] |
AFB1 + OTA + ZEN | Purified | Dairy goats | 0.05 + 0.1 + 0.5 | NA | D | [47] |