Fig. 1

Regulation of host defense peptide, barrier function, and inflammatory cytokine gene expressions in macrophages by butyrate and forskolin (FSK). Chicken HD11 macrophage cells were treated in duplicate with 2 mmol/L sodium butyrate and 5 μmol/L FSK separately or in combination for 24 h, followed by stimulation with 10 ng/mL lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for another 3 h. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to measure the expressions of avian β-defensin 9 (AvBD9) (A), AvBD10 (B), mucin 2 (MUC2) (C), claudin 1 (CLDN1) (D), tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) (E), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) (F). Results were presented as means ± SEM of 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance (P < 0.05), denoted by uncommon superscripts, was determined using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test