Table 6 Nutritional strategies to mitigate mycotoxins toxicity^a

AFB₁

Selenium, vitamins C, vitamins E, vitamin B₁, carotenoids, silymarin, curcumin, butylated hydroxytoluene, alpha lipoic acid, quercetin, resveratrol, rhamnoides oil

Mainly by improving antioxidant capacity and detoxification enzyme activities to alleviate the harm of AFB₁ to livestock and poultry

[11, 178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188]

DON

Selenium, vitamins C, vitamins E, silymarin, curcumin, functional amino acid (methionine, glutamic acid, arginine, aspartate and lysine), antimicrobial peptide, astragalus

Primarily through enhancement of antioxidant capacity and immune functions to improve the resistance to DON in livestock and poultry.

[179, 180, 189,190,191,192,193,194]

ZEN

Retinol, as-corbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, silymarin, soybean isoflavone

Alleviated the toxic effects of ZEN by improving the antioxidant capacity and inhibiting the estrogenic toxicity of ZEN.

[17, 190, 195]

FB₁

Vitamin E, silymarin, curcumin, soybean isoflavone

Mainly via counteracting the oxidative stress caused by FB₁ to livestock.

[180, 196, 197]