Dietary Coleus amboinicus Lour. decreases ruminal methanogenesis and biohydrogenation, and improves meat quality and fatty acid composition in longissimus thoracis muscle of lambs

Table 8 The effect of CAL on ruminal fermentation in cannulated lambs (Exp. 2)

Parameters	0 h			3 h			6 h			Group		SEM	P-value
Parameters	CON	CAL	SEM	CON	CAL	SEM	CON	CAL	SEM	CON	CAL	SEM	D	H	D × H
pH	6.87	7.05	0.09	5.95	6.39	0.06	6.34	6.58	0.04	6.39	6.67	0.05	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.20
NH_3, mmol/L	8.75	10.4	0.33	9.34	11.2	0.45	5.85	8.93	0.57	7.98	10.2	0.30	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.27
Total VFA, mmol/L	66.8	67.9	2.77	103.6	101.3	3.83	83.4	86.9	1.50	84.6	85.4	2.36	0.79	< 0.01	0.73
VFA, molar percent
Acetate (A)	71.6	69.8	0.39	66.2	66.4	0.41	67.4	67.7	0.44	68.4	67.9	0.32	0.29	< 0.01	0.08
Propionate (P)	15.6 ^d	17.5^c	0.34	16.3 ^d	20.1^a	0.49	15.7^d	18.9^b	0.39	15.9	18.8	0.25	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.04
Isobutyrate	0.42	0.61	0.07	0.52	0.93	0.10	0.46	0.76	0.07	0.47	0.77	0.05	< 0.01	0.15	0.61
Butyrate	10.3^b	10.5^b	0.11	14.9^a	11.1^b	0.50	14.4^a	11.2^b	0.51	13.2	11.0	0.28	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
Isovalerate	1.00	0.75	0.05	0.53	0.41	0.02	0.62	0.44	0.03	0.72	0.53	0.03	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.31
Valerate	1.11^c	0.92^d	0.04	1.59^a	1.07^cd	0.07	1.36^b	1.03^cd	0.07	1.36	1.01	0.04	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.01
A/P ratio	4.61	4.04	0.11	4.07	3.33	0.10	4.29	3.61	0.09	4.33	3.66	0.06	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.71

CON control diet, CAL Coleus amboinicus Lour. diet, SEM standard error of means. D diet, H hour, VFA volatile fatty acids
Means in the same row indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and tended to significant at P < 0.10

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