Table 1 Effects of milk oligosaccharides on intestinal development and health
From: Role of milk carbohydrates in intestinal health of nursery pigs: a review
Model | Effects | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
In vitro | ↑ Differentiation in HT-29 cells by 36% and HIEC cells by 32% | Sialyllactose | [96] |
↑ Apoptosis in HT-29 cells by 300% and in HIEC cells by 200% | Neutral oligosaccharides | ||
 ↑ Inhibition enteropathogenic E. coli adhesion by 40% to HEp-2 cells | HMO | [155] | |
Intestinal microbial colonization ↓ Enterococcus by 88%, Streptococcus by 89%, Veillonella by 42%, Eubacterium by 81%, Clostridium by 80%, and E. coli by 73%, ↑ Bifidobacterium infantis. by 20% and Bacteroides vulgatus by 24% | HMO | [67] | |
↑ HMO consumption and growth of bifidobacterial strains by maximum 200% | HMO | [156] | |
↓ Binding activity of pathogen (Neisseria meningitidis) to carbohydrate receptors by 80% | HMO + BMO2 | [157] | |
↓ The release of mucosal proinflammatory signals of IL-8 by 60 to 70% and IL-1β attenuated C. jejuni invasion by 80 to 90% ↓ Acute-phase mucosal immune response by 50 to 60% | Fucosyllactose | [158] | |
↑ Re-epithelialization of Ca9–22 cells by 86% ↑ Bifidobacterium in infant batch culture by 206% ↑ Bacteroides in infant batch culture by 480% | Sialyllactose | [159] | |
↓ IL-8 secretion by 20% in HCT8 IECs induced by Enterotoxigenic E. coli infection ↓ CD14 transcription and translation cells in E. coli infected mice by 65% | HMO | [160] | |
↑ Cell apoptosis by 20% and necrosis by 56% in Caco-2Bbe cells ↑ Cell differentiation in HT-29 cells by 25% | HMO | [161] | |
↓ Adhesion of E. coli by 25%, V. cholerae by 9%, and S. fyris by 9% to Caco-2 cells | HMO | [148] | |
↓ Adhesion of Escherichia coli to intestinal epithelial cells | Fucosyllactose + Sialyllactose | [162] | |
↑ Binding with bacterial toxins including CTB5, HLTB5, Stx1B5, Stx2, TcdA2 and TcdB1 with ranging from 600 to 15,000 M− 1 | HMO | [152] | |
Human | ↓ Significantly frequency of diarrhea in infants | Fucosylated oligosaccharides | [163] |
↑ Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium ↓ Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in fecal microbiota | Fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose | [164] | |
↑ Firmicutes in the feces of infants by 250%, ↓ Enterobacteriales infants by 50%, | HMO | [165] | |
Rodent | ↑ Abundance of Lactobacillus by 30% in cecal and colonic microbiota ↓ mRNA levels of colonic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by 70% in cecum and colon | BMO | [166] |
↓ Gene expression of TNF-a by 85%, IL-6 by 50%, and IL-1ß by 70% in colon of mice ↑ Gene expression of TGF-ß by 90% and occludin by 95% in colon of mice | Fucosyllactose | [167] | |
Porcine | ↑Glutamate dehydrogenase by 44% in the serum | Sialyllactose | [168] |
↓ Diarrhea occurrence by 32% induced by rotavirus ↑ Dry matter contents by 5% of colonic contents ↑ IFN-γ by 25% and Il-10 by 30% in the ileum ↑ Relative abundance of Lachnospiraeae as butyrate-producing bacteria by 100% in colon | HMO | [169] | |
↑ Length of villi by 16% in the ileum ↓ BW loss by 80% induced by E.coli challenge | Fucosyllactose | [170] | |
↑ Il-12 by 300% in the ileum, short chain fatty acids production by 43%, and expression of TLR4 by 40% in the colon | HMO | [171] |