Table 2 Impact of different DFM supplementation on pre-weaning or weaning young ruminants’ health and performance
DFM | Dosage | Delivery method | Animal | Health | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L. plantarum GB LP-1 | 4 g: 4.8 × 109 cfu/d 8 g: 9.6 × 109 cfu/d | In milk replacer | Neonatal dairy calves | Fecal scores improved with increasing inclusion rates | Increased weight gain and feed efficiency; similar starter intake; greatest feed efficiency at 4 g/d | [15] |
L. casei DSPV 318 T L. salivarius DSPV 315 T P. acidilactici DSPV 006 T | 3 × 109 cfu/kg BW | Suspended in 0.15 mol/L NaCl | Pre-weaning dairy calves | Lower fecal consistency index | Higher ADG, starter intake; earlier consumption of starter and earlier development of the rumen | [32] |
L. animalis SB310 L. paracasei SB137 B. coagulans SB117 | 30:35:35: 1.8 × 1010 cfu/d | In milk replacer | First-month dairy calves | Lower incidence of diarrhea | Improved BW, total concentrate intake, heart girth | [50] |
B. subtilis | 3 × 109 cfu/dose | In electrolyte | Pre-weaning scouring dairy calves | Promoted T cell subsets, alleviated inflammation | – | [100] |
S. cerevisiae boulardii | 0.5 g/d | In milk and/or grain | Neonatal dairy calves with failure of passive transfer | Supplementation in grain: decreased days in diarrhea | Supplementation in grain: more starter intake and faster growth prior to weaning | [101] |
S. cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 | 10 × 109 cfu/d | In milk replacer | Pre-weaning dairy calves | Alleviated diarrhea and maintained a health bacterial community with Fecalibacterium as the predominant genus | No effect on feed intake; similar ADG between diarrheic calves fed with yeast and nondiarrheic calves | [14] |
S. cerevisiae boulardii | 1 × 1010 cfu/d | In milk replacer | Pre-weaning dairy calves | No effect on health scores, fecal biomarkers of gut health | No effect on intake, metabolizable energy intake, ADG, feed efficiency | [102] |
C. tropicalis | 5 × 109 cfu/d | In the basal diet | Preweaning dairy calves with E. coli K99 challenge | Lower copy numbers of E. coli K99 in jejunum digesta; reduced days of diarrhea | No effect on ADG and DMI | [103] |
D. hansenii CBS 8339 | 0.7 g/kg BW/d | In milk | Newborn goats with E. coli challenge | Enhanced respiratory burst, catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity after challenge at d 15; increased peroxidase activity, nitric oxide production, catalase activity after challenge at d 30; upregulated expression of genes TLR (2, 4, 6), modulator genes Raf.1, Syk and Myd88, transcription factor gene AP-1, and cytokine genes IL-1β and TNF-α at d 15 | – | [104] |
S. cerevisiae boulardii or L. acidophilus | SCB: 7.5 × 108 cfu/L milk replacer + 3 × 109 cfu/kg starter; LA: .5 × 108 cfu/L milk replacer + 1 × 109 cfu/kg starter | In milk replacer and starter feed | Weaning dairy calves | SCB and LA reduced potential pathogenic Streptococcus and Tyzzerella_4, increased beneficial bacteria | – | [105] |
B. subtilis | 13 g/d | In starter ration | Weaned Holstein steers with Salmonella challenge | Reduced Salmonella concentrations in jejunum, ileum, colon at 48 h post-challenge but no difference at 96 h after challenge; increased white blood cells and lymphocyte counts | Greater feed intake before and after challenge | [46] |
M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125 | 5 × 109 cfu/d | 25 mL suspension | Pre- and post-weaning | – | No effect on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites associated with butyrate | [106] |