Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and health

Table 1 Microorganisms used as direct-fed microbials (DFMs) for ruminants

Microorganism (Genus)	Species	References
Lactic acid producing bacteria
Lactobacillus	L. acidophilus	[10, 31]
	L. casei	[32, 33]
	L. gallinarum	[29]
	L. plantarum	[15, 34]
	L. reuteri	[35, 36]
	L. bulgaricus	[29]
	L. delbrueckii	[37]
	L. rhamnosus	[20]
Bifidobacterium	B. pseudolongum	[29]
	B. thermophilium	[29]
	B. longum	[38, 39]
	B. lactis	[29]
	B. animalis	[38]
Streptococcus	S. bovis	[29]
	S. faecium	[29]
Enterococcus	E. faecium	[10, 40]
	E. faecalis	[29]
Lactic acid utilizing bacteria
Megasphaera	M. elsdenii	[41, 42]
Propionibacterium	P. shermanii	[29]
	P. freudenreichii	[29]
	P. acidipropionici	[43]
	P. jensenii	[43]
Other bacteria
Prevotella	P. bryantii	[44]
Bacillus	B. subtilis	[45, 46]
	B. amyloliquefaciens	[47]
	B. toyonensis	[48]
	B. licheniformis	[49]
	B. coagulans	[50]
Yeast
Saccharomyces	S. cerevisiae	[11, 51]
	S. boulardii	[14]
Other Fungi
Aspergillus	A. oryzae	[52]

ISSN: 2049-1891