Table 2 Concentrations of amino acids, agmatine, polyamines (nmol/mL), and hexose sugars (μmol/L) in maternal plasma

 Alanine

176.9 ± 16

173.4 ± 11.1

172.1 ± 11.1

179.8 ± 19.5

 β-Alanine

10.9 ± 1.3

10.2 ± 0.6

10.7 ± 1.2

10.4 ± 1

 Arginine

118 ± 8.4

121.7 ± 11.3

134.7 ± 8.2^a

100.6 ± 7.9^b

 Asparagine

24 ± 2.5

22.6 ± 1.8

21.5 ± 2.2

25.8 ± 2.3

 Aspartate

1.0 ± 0.2

0.84 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2^a

0.67 ± 0.2^b

 Citrulline

96 ± 14.1

102.7 ± 10.3

112.6 ± 15.1

81 ± 6.1

 Glutamate

202.1 ± 14.7

213.6 ± 26.1

181.1 ± 12.1^a

239.3 ± 23.4^b

 Glutamine

56.6 ± 6.9

50.5 ± 11.1

50.3 ± 8.3

59.1 ± 8.7

 Glycine

428.2 ± 28.2

440.4 ± 25

431.4 ± 25

435.2 ± 28.8

 Histidine

23.5 ± 1.8

22.2 ± 1.8

22.4 ± 1.5

23.7 ± 1.9

 Isoleucine

74.1 ± 7.3

66.3 ± 5.4

75.6 ± 6.3

65.1 ± 7.6

 Leucine

114.9 ± 10.8

94.5 ± 5.6

115.1 ± 8.4

96.2 ± 11.6

 Lysine

71.2 ± 9

68.2 ± 9.8

75.1 ± 9.3

63.5 ± 9

 Methionine

20 ± 1.8

20.7 ± 1.3

20.7 ± 1.4

19.8 ± 2.1

 Ornithine

23.6 ± 3.7

23.7 ± 3.6

28.6 ± 3.7^a

17.2 ± 2.7^b

 Phenylalanine

36.7 ± 3.2

34.8 ± 1.5

37.1 ± 1.9

37.2 ± 3.9

 Serine

66.7 ± 7.8

58.3 ± 4.8

57.6 ± 7.1

70.6 ± 6.7

 Taurine

60.3 ± 5.3

61.6 ± 5.9

61.4 ± 5.1

60.2 ± 6.2

 Threonine

68.1 ± 9

54.6 ± 5.2

75.1 ± 7.2^a

46.9 ± 7.5^b

 Tryptophan

22.4 ± 1.9

22 ± 1.7

23.2 ± 1.4

21.1 ± 2.4

 Tyrosine

49.3 ± 4.3

49 ± 3.6

53.1 ± 3.4

44.2 ± 4.8

 Valine

138.9 ± 14.3

119.1 ± 10.7

148.2 ± 10.3^a

109.1 ± 15.5^b

 Agmatine

130.3 ± 13.4

166.1 ± 18.3

155.6 ± 15.4

130.5 ± 6.1

 Putrescine

2.1 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.8

2.9 ± 0.8

1.3 ± 0.3

 Spermidine

1.7 ± 0.3

1.7 ± 0.4

2.1 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.4

 Spermine

0.73 ± 0.2

0.45 ± 0.1

0.76 ± 0.2

0.44 ± 0.1

 Glucose

1485 ± 162.9

1617 ± 110.7

1691 ± 137.9

1296 ± 144.2

 Fructose

331.5 ± 33.8

303.2 ± 39.8

324.3 ± 32.9

313.2 ± 41.7