Table 4 Application of phenolic compounds with major physiological responses in swine
From: Phenolic compounds as natural feed additives in poultry and swine diets: a review
Phenolic compounds | Study design | Main findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
Polyphenols (procyanidins) | Type: crossbred piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshine) dose: 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg source: commercial (grape seed procyanidins) form: powder duration: 1-28 days | ●higher maltase and sucrase in jejunum mucosa ●lower urea nitrogen, diamine oxidase, endotoxin in blood ●lower digestibility of DM, GE, and CP ●decreased lipase and amylase activities of pancreas and duodenum | [168] |
Polyphenols | Type: weaned piglets (Songliao black pigs) dose: 5% source: grape pomace form: powder duration: 28-56 days | ●no effects on ADG, FI, and FCR ●higher number of Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Olsenella umbonata and Selenomonas bovis in caecum ●higher villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio of jejunum ●lower MRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α) ●higher IgG in serum | [169] |
Phenolic compounds | Type: piglets (Landrace × Large White × Duroc) dose: 9% solid source: grape pomace form: silage duration: 20-50 days | ●higher ADG and final body weight ●higher GSH, H2O2 and TAC in intestinal tissue ●decreased in TBARS and CARB in intestinal tissue ●higher lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria in feces ●lower Enterobacteriacae and Campylobacter jejuni in feces ●higher n-3 fatty acids in meat ●lower n-6/n-3 ratio in meat | [170] |
Polyphenol | Type: male finishing pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc × Landrace) dose: 5% source: fermented apple pomace form: silage duration: 53 days | ●no effects on ADG, and final body weight ●lower DM intake with higher FCR ●no effects on carcass weight, and back fat thickness ●higher moisture content with lower ash and water holding capacity of meat ●higher linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), linolenic acid (C18:3) and arachidic acid (C20:0) and total PUFA in back fat ●lower palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and heptadecenoic acid (C17:1) | [171] |
Procyanidins | Type: piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshine) dose: 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg source: grape seed extract form: powder duration: 0-28 days | ●no effects on body weight gain, FI, and FCR ●decreased diarrhea rate ●higher IgG, IgM, C-4, IL-2, T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px in serum ●lower MDA in serum | [172] |
Tannic acid | Type: weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshine) dose: 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg source: commercial (Chinese gallnut) form: microencapsulated duration: 21-35 days | ●no effects on ADG, FI, and FCR ●lower crypt depth with higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth of duodenum ●higher gene expression of solute carrier family 6, member 19 and solute carrier family 15, member 1 in ileum ●lower gene expression of solute carrier family 5, member 1 in jejunum ●lower maltase activities in ileum ●improved colonic bacterial community | [173] |
Tannic acid | Type: piglets (Landrace × Yorkshine × Duroc) source: commercial (chestnut wood, 75% tannins) dose: 1000 mg/kg form: powder duration: 0-28 days | ●no effects on ADG, FI, and FCR ●higher CAT, GSH-Px, IgM and lower MDA in serum ●improved trypsin, lipase and amylase activities ●higher villus height of jejunum ●higher propionic acid, butyric acid, and acetic acid concentrations in the colon ●lower diarrhea incidence | [6] |
Tannins | Type: piglets (German Landrace × Pietrain) and in-vitro (cecal fermentation) dose: 1.13, 2.25, 4.5 g/kg; and 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6 g/L (in vitro) source: commercial (chestnut wood extract, 75% tannins) form: powder duration: 0-28 days | ●lower total gas production, concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids (in vitro) ●improved FCR ●decreased caecal concentrations of ammonia, iso-butyric, and iso-valeric acid ●higher number of lactobacilli in jejunum | [174] |
Tannic acid | Type: fattening boars (Landrace × Large White) source: commercial extract (75% tannins) dose: 1%, 2% and 3% form: powder duration: 123-193 days | ●higher villus height and mucosal thickness in duodenum ●decreased mitosis and apoptosis count in large intestine | [175] |
Hydrolysable tannic acid | Type: Swiss Large White boars dose: 15 mg and 30 mg/kg source: commercial (chestnut) form: powder duration: 105-165 days | ●no effects on FI, ADG and carcass traits ●improved feed efficacy ●reduced size of salivary and bulbourethral gland | [176] |
Polyphenols (condensed tannins) | Type: MO25C-barrows (Moura × Landrace, and Large White) dose: 10% source: grape pomace form: powder duration: 21 days | ●no effects on production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the loin samples ●higher redness value of pork | [177] |
Hydrolysable tannic acid | Type: male pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) source: commercial (albumin tannate, 500 g TA/kg) dose: 125, 250, 750 and 1000 mg/kg form: powder duration: 0-28 days | ●reduced ADG but improve FCR ●lower faecal coliform count ●higher excretion of Fe in faeces ●lower total erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in plasma | [178] |
Essential oil | Type: crossbred piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) dose: 0.025% source: commercial (4.5% cinnamaldehyde and 13.5% thymol) form: powder duration: 0-28 days | ●higher ADG, DM, CP, and energy retention ●higher villus height of jejunum ●lower E. coli and total anaerobes in rectum ●higher albumin, IgA, IgG, and T-AOC in plasma | [179] |
Essential oil | Type: wined piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) dose: 50, 100, 150 g/t source: commercial (cinnamaldehyde and thymol) form: powder duration: 36-71 days | ●higher FI, ADG, final body weight ●lower FCR ●decreased diarrhea ●lower E. coli in feces ●higher, IgA, IgG, C3, C4 in blood | [180] |
Essential oil | Type: wined piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) dose: 30 mg/kg source: commercial (25% thymol and 25% carvacrol) form: powder duration: 0-28 days | ●higher ADG, DM, CP, Ca, P, and GE digestibility ●higher number of Lactobacilli counts in feces ●higher villi height of duodenum ●higher trypsin and chymotrypsin activities | [181] |
Essential oil | Type: male pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) dose: 50, 100 and 200 ppm source: commercial (13.5% thymol and 4.5% cinnamaldehyde) form: silage duration: 53 days | ●higher ADG and DM digestibility ●lower TC, TG in serum ●higher goblet cell and lactase activities in jejunum ●higher ratio of villus and crypt depth in ileum ●higher sucrose activities in duodenum ●higher expression of occluding and glucose transporter-2 gene in duodenum and ileum | [182] |