Table 2 One-carbon metabolism genes, proteins, and enzyme activities during late pregnancy and lactation in dairy cows. ↑ = gene/protein abundance and enzyme activity increase; ↓ = gene/protein abundance and enzyme activity decrease
Stage | Dietary manipulationa | Tissue/Cellsb | Effect on abundance of gene and protein, and enzyme activityc | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Transition period | RP-Met supply from − 28 d to 30 d relative to calving | Mammary | ↑ GCLC, GCLM, GSR, GPX1, ME1, FECH, FTH1, NQO1 gene abundance with RP-Met ↑ NFE2L2, NFKB1, MAPK14 gene abundance with RP-Met ↑ NFE2L2 activation with RP-Met | [86] |
RP-Met supply from −28 to 30 d relative to calving | Adipose | ↑ CBS, GCLC, GSR, and GPX1 gene abundance with RP-Met ↑ GPX1, GPX3, GSTM1, and GSTA4 protein abundance with RP-Met Activation of the GSH metabolism | [87] | |
RP-Met supply from −28 to 30 d relative to calving | Adipose | ↑ AA transporter gene abundance with RP-Met ↑ AKT1, RPS6KB1, and EIF4EBP1 gene abundance with RP-Met ↑ Phosphorylated AKT, PPARG and fatty acid synthase protein abundance with RP-Met ↑ mTOR protein abundance (at 30 d in milk) with RP-Met | [88] | |
Met supply (RP-Met or Met-analogue) from − 21 to 30 d relative to calving | Liver | ↑ SAHH, MAT1A (at 21 d in milk), CBS, MTR, and DNMT3A gene abundance with Met ↓ GSS, GCLC, and SOD1 gene abundance with Met | ||
RP-Met or Chol supply from − 21 to 30 d relative to calving | Liver | ↓ MTR enzyme activity | [27] | |
RP-Met supply from −28 to 30 d relative to calving | Liver | ↑ CBS enzyme activity ↑ MAT1A gene abundance | [28] | |
Pre-partum treatment: 2 BCS categories allowed to 2 levels of energy intake (75% or 125%) in a 2 × 2 factorial design with grazing dairy cows | Liver | ↓ MTR and CBS enzyme activity postpartum ↑ BHMT enzyme activity at 7 d in milk ↑ MTR enzyme activity in thin cows ↑ CBS enzyme activity in cows at 125% energy and in thin cows at 125% energy | [64] | |
RP-Met or Chol supply from −21 to 30 d relative to calving | PMNL | ↓CBS, CTH, GSS, and GPX1 gene abundance | [90] | |
RP-Met supply to prepartum high energy diet from −21 to 30 d relative to calving | PMNL | ↓ GPX1 gene abundance at −10 d from calving in cows receiving RP-Met at high energy diet ↑ GSR gene abundance in the post-partum with high energy diet ↑SAHH gene abundance in the postpartum with Met supply at high energy compared with low energy | [91] | |
Mid lactation | In vitro Met (40 μmol/L) or Chol (80 mg/dL) supply | PHEP | ↑ MAT1A, PEMT, SAHH, BHMT, CSAD, GCLC, and GSR abundance with Met ↑MTR, BADH, CHDH abundance with Met or Chol Greatest CHDH abundance with Chol ↑ CBS protein abundance with Met | [35] |
In vitro Met (Lys:Met ratio of 3.6:1, 2.9:1, or 2.4:1) and Chol (0, 400, or 800 μg/mL) supply | PMNL | ↑ CSAD, CTH, GSS, and GSR gene abundance with Chol ↑GSS and GSR gene abundance with Met at Lys:Met ratio of 2.4:1and Chol supply at 400 μg/mL | [19] | |
In vitro Met (Lys:Met ratio of 3.6:1, 2.9:1, or 2.4:1) with or without LPS challenge | PMNL | ↓ GSR gene abundance overall with LPS and Met (relevant effect of LPS) | [92] | |
In vitro Met (Lys:Met ratio of 3.6:1, 2.9:1, or 2.4:1) or Chol (0, 400, or 800 μg/mL) supply under thermoneutral or heat stress conditions | PMNL | ↑ mRNA fold-change in abundance of CBS, CSAD, GSS, GSR, GPX1, TLR2, TLR4, IRAK1, IL-1β, IL-10, BAX, BCL2 and HSP70 with Chol ↓ mRNA fold-change abundance of SAHH and linear ↑ in MPO, NF-κB, and SOD1, CDO1, BAX and HSP70 with increasing Met supply | [93] | |
Cell culture | In vitro Met (Lys:Met ratio of 2.9:1, 2.5:1, or 2.0:1) | MAC-T | ↑ Intracellular non-essential and essential AA with Met at Lys:Met ratio of 2.0:1 ↑ β-casein and AA transporter gene abundance with Met at Lys:Met ratio of 2.9:1 ↑ mTOR activation with Met at Lys:Met ratio of 2.9:1 | [94] |
In vitro Met and Arg (Lys:Met 2.9:1 and Lys:Arg 2:1; Lys:Met 2.5:1; Lys:Arg 1:1 or Lys:Met 2.5:1 and Lys:Arg 1:1) | BMEC | ↑ AA transporter SLC7A1 gene abundance with Met at Lys:Met ratio of 2.5:1 ↓ AA transporters gene abundance with Arg at Lys:Arg 1:1 | [95] |