Fig. 6

Augmentation of the antibacterial activity of porcine 3D4/31 macrophages by selected HDP-inducing compounds. Porcine 3D4/31 cells were stimulated with 40 μmol/L xanthohumol, 80 μmol/L Isorhapontigenin, 5 μmol/L deoxyshikonin, or 80 μmol/L calycosin for 12 h. Cell lysates were then incubated with ETEC or S. aureus at 37 °C. At 3, 6, and 12 h, the optical density at 600 nm was measured. The results are the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. non-treated control, evaluated by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test