Fig. 5

Minimum induction of proinflammatory cytokine expression by selected compounds. IPEC-J2 cells were treated with 40 μmol/L xanthohumol, 80 μmol/L isorhapontigenin, 5 μmol/L deoxyshikonin, or 80 μmol/L calycosin for 3, 6, and 24 h, followed by RT-qPCR analysis of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α expression. The results are the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. non-treated control by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test