Fig. 4

LrEVs modulate the gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in jejunum tissues. a LrEVs suppressed the LPS-induced gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokine genes TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17, and chemokine genes IL-8 and MIP-1β. b LrEVs enhanced the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine genes IL-10 and TGF-β under the LPS-challenged condition. c LrEVs inhibited the LPS-induced activation of myeloperoxidase (MPO). Values are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 6). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; NS, not significant