Fig. 5

Gene expression levels of colonic mucosal immune (a, b) and barrier (c) factors. Values are means ± SEM (n = 7). LPA: Low-protein diets supplemented with free amino acids. LPC: Low-protein diets supplemented with casein hydrolysate. TLR2: Toll like receptor 2; NOD1: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1; GPR41: G-protein coupled receptor 41; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; MUC-2: Mucin-2; DEFB-1: β-defensins 1; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1