Fig. 3

Metabolites concentrations in mammary extracellular fluids after ingestion at lactation d 28. Zero min represents the extracellular fluid collected within 15 min before ingestion, representing a fasting state. This figure shows effects of diet, time, and diet × time interactions on dynamic changes of glutamate (a, P_diet = 0.006, P_time = 0.96, P_{diet × time} = 0.98), glucose (b, P_diet = 0.99, P_time = 0.005, P_{diet × time} = 0.94), lactate (c, P_diet = 0.25, P_time = 0.06, P_{diet × time} = 0.42), pyruvate (d, P_diet = 0.99, P_time = 0.11, P_{diet × time} = 0.43), Pyruvate/Glucose (e, P_diet = 0.60, P_time = 0.10, P_{diet × time} = 0.62), Lactate/Glucose (f, P_diet = 0.89, P_time = 0.032, P_{diet × time} = 0.36), Lactate/Pyruvate (g, P_diet = 0.22, P_time < 0.0001, P_{diet × time} = 0.26). Values are least-squares means with SE. Differences between groups at a specific time point were indicated by asterisk. It was considered significant at P < 0.05. CON, control; RFA, restricted feed allowance; Lactate/Pyruvate, the ratio of lactate to pyruvate; Lactate/Glucose, the ratio of lactate to glucose