Association of residual feed intake with abundance of ruminal bacteria and biopolymer hydrolyzing enzyme activities during the peripartal period and early lactation in Holstein dairy cows

Table 1 Ingredient composition and nutrient analysis of close-up (from d − 28 to parturition), fresh (from 1 to 30 DIM), and high-producing (from 31 to 60 DIM) diets

Item	Close-up	Fresh	High-producing
Ingredient composition, % of DM
Alfalfa haylage	6.55	7.81	10.8
Corn silage	26.6	31.0	31.9
Wheat straw	26.5	3.25	–
Corn grain, ground, dry	12.6	22.21	20.7
Cottonseed	–	2.17	1.83
Molasses, beet sugar	4.03	5.50	4.51
Soybean hulls	3.46	4.25	9.96
Soybean meal, 48% CP	7.83	10.1	7.98
Expeller soybean meal^a	5.80	5.16	5.17
Protein supplement^b	0.78	1.81	1.58
Urea	0.59	0.39	0.40
Soychlor^c	1.23	–	–
Saturated fat supplement^d	–	2.25	2.14
Limestone	–	1.41	0.96
Salt	–	0.02	0.04
Dicalcium phosphate	0.52	1.17	0.92
Magnesium oxide	–	0.08	0.04
Magnesium sulfate	2.08	0.02	–
Sodium bicarbonate	–	0.84	0.59
Mineral vitamin mix^e	0.17	0.17	0.20
Vitamin A^f	0.03	0.02	0.02
Vitamin D^g	0.03	–	–
Vitamin E^h	0.60	–	–
Biotinⁱ	0.70	0.42	0.32
Nutrient analysis, % of DM
CP	15.6 ± 0.32	17.7 ± 0.36	17.4 ± 0.36
NDF	40.8 ± 0.68	29.2 ± 0.59	31.4 ± 0.62
ADF	27.5 ± 0.50	19.5 ± 0.38	21.5 ± 0.48
NFC	34.9 ± 0.81	41.4 ± 0.55	40.7 ± 0.54
Ether extract	2.32 ± 0.05	5.12 ± 0.14	5.13 ± 0.14

^aSoyPlus, West Central Soy (Ralston, IA)
^bProVAAl AADvantage, Perdue AgriBusiness (Salisbury, MD)
^cWest Central Soy
^dEnergy Booster 100, Milk Specialties Global (Eden Prairie, MN)
^eContained a minimum of 5% Mg, 10% S, 7.5% K, 2.0% Fe, 3.0% Zn, 3.0% Mn, 5,000 mg/kg Cu, 250 mg/kg I, 40 mg/kg Co, 150 mg/kg Se, 2,200 kIU/kg vitamin A, 660 kIU/kg vitamin D₃, and 7,700 IU/kg vitamin E
^fContained 30,000 kIU/kg
^gContained 5,000 kIU/kg
^hContained 44,000 kIU/kg
ⁱADM Animal Nutrition (Quincy, IL)

ISSN: 2049-1891