Maternal undernutrition and offspring sex determine birth-weight, postnatal development and meat characteristics in traditional swine breeds

Table 1 Carcass and meat quality traits at slaughter

Variables	N	Control				Underfed				RMSE	P-value
		LBW		NBW		LBW		NBW			P-value
		Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males		BW	Sex	Nutri	BW× Sex	BW× Nutri	BW×Sex×Nutri
Body weight, kg	442	141.5^c	151.0^a	153.4^a	154.0^a	137.7^c	147.1^a,b	152.0^a	151.5^a	9.7	<.0001	0.004	t	0.005	ns	ns
Age, d	442	306.3^a	284.7^b,c	269.5^d	274.3^c,d	293.1^b	287.2^b,c	284.4^b,c	282.2^b,c,d	18.9	<.0001	ns	t	0.02	0.01	t
ADWG, kg/d	442	0.47^c	0.54^a,b	0.57^a	0.57^a	0.47^c	0.51^b	0.54^a,b	0.54^a,b	0.06	<.0001	0.007	0.04	0.004	ns	ns
Carcass weight, kg	395	118.0^a,b	121.6^a,b	122.1^a	122.2^a	108.0^c	115.0^b	118.8^a,b	118.4^a,b	8.1	0.002	ns	0.0001	t	ns	ns
Carcass yield, %	395	79.96^a,b	80.55^a	79.26^a,b,c	79.16^a,b,c	78.61^c	78.14^c	78.13^c	78.14^c	1.94	t	ns	<.0001	ns	ns	ns
Carcass length, cm	376	88.10^a,b	88.23^a,b	90.55^a	90.25^a,b	87.83^b	87.83^b	89.51^a,b	88.80^a,b	2.66	0.002	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Backfat depth, cm	386	5.26^a	5.29^a	5.17^a,b	5.16^a,b	4.62^b	4.64^b	4.90^a,b	4.80^a,b	0.70	ns	ns	0.0005	ns	ns	ns
Muscular dry matter, %	386	30.32^a,b	31.49^a	29.89^b	30.56^a,b	29.66^b	30.82^a,b	30.32^a,b	30.37^a,b	5.49	ns	0.02	ns	ns	ns	ns
Liver dry matter, %	337	30.44^b	29.78^b	29.81^b	29.71^b	32.45^a	32.82^a	30.52^b	31.53^a,b	4.29	0.04	ns	<.0001	ns	ns	ns
Muscular drip loss, %	325	6.92^a	3.83^b	5.53^a,b	5.62^a,b	5.65^a,b	4.59^a,b	6.42^a	6.34^a	2.64	ns	t	ns	t	ns	ns
Intramuscular fat, %	387	27.75^a,b	28.04^a,b	24.37^a,b	26.91^a,b	24.01^a,b	29.22^a	22.75^b	25.78^a,b	6.45	t	0.03	ns	ns	ns	ns
Liver fat, %	345	18.00^c	24.46^a	20.48^b,c	20.80^b,c	19.60^b,c	21.93^a,b	21.08^b	20.36^b,c	2.74	ns	0.004	ns	0.002	ns	t

BW Birth weight, Nutri Maternal Nutrition, LBW Low birth-weight, NBW Normal birth-weight, RMSE root-mean-square error, ns not significant, t = 0.1 > P > 0.05. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)

ISSN: 2049-1891