Table 4 Antimicrobial peptides generated from the hydrolysis of animal proteins or synthesized by intestinal mucosal cells
Source | Amino acid sequence | Gram-positive bacteria | Gram-negative bacteria |
|---|---|---|---|
Bovine meat | Gly-Leu-Ser-Asp-Gly-Glu-Trp-Gln | Bacillus cereus Listeria monocytogenes | Salmonella typhimurium Escherichia coli |
Gly-Phe-His-Ile | No effect | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Phe-His-Gly | No effect | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Bovine collagen | Peptides < 2 kDa (by collagenase)a | Staphylococcus aureus | Escherichia coli |
Goat whey | GWH (730Â Da) and SEC-F3 (1,183Â Da) (hydrolysis by Alcalase) | Bacillus cereus Staphylococcus aureus | Salmonella typhimurium Escherichia coli |
Red blood cells | Various peptides (24-h hydrolysis by fugal proteases) | Staphylococcus aureus | Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Hen egg white lysozyme | Asn-Thr-Asp-Gly-Ser-Thr-Asp-Tyr-Gly-Ile-Leu-Gln-Ile-Asn-Ser-Arg (hydrolysis by papain and trypsin)b | Leuconostoc-mesenteroides | Escherichia coli |
Trout by-products | Various peptides (20–30% of hydrolysis) (hydrolysis by trout pepsin) | Renibacterium-salmoninarum | Flavobacterium psychrophilum |
Small intestine (Paneth cells) | α-Defensins, lysozyme C, angiogenin-4 and cryptdin-related sequence peptides | Gram-positive bacteria broad-spectrum) | Gram-negative bacteria (broad-spectrum) |
Phospholipid-sn-2 esterase and C-type lectin | Gram-positive bacteria (broad-spectrum) | No effect |