Use of Asian selected agricultural byproducts to modulate rumen microbes and fermentation

Table 1 Effect of selected agricultural byproducts containing anacardic acid and other phenolics on dry matter (DM) digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters

Byproduct, origin	Description	Phenolics, % in weight			Reference	Test by	Dosed at	DM digestibility, %	Total VFA, mmol/dL	Inhibition, %		Reference
	Description	Anacardic acid	Caldanol	Caldol	Reference	Test by	Dosed at			Methane^a	Ammonia	Reference
Cashew shell, India	Heated^b	-	71.4	14.4	[21]	Batch culture	0.5 mg/mL	-	ns	9.2	-	[21]
	Raw	57.7	8.2	19.9	ibid.		ibid	-	ns	56.9	-	ibid.
	Raw	ibid.	ibid.	ibid.	ibid.	RUSITEC	0.2 mg/mL	↑	ns	70.1	16.5	ibid.
	Raw	ibid.	ibid.	ibid.	ibid.	Feeding (dry cow)	0.32% of DMI	ns	ns	19.3–38.3	ns	[22]
	Raw	ibid.	ibid.	ibid.	ibid.	Feeding (milking cow)	ibid.	ns	ns	12.7	ns	Shinkai et al. unpublished
	Raw	ibid.	ibid.	ibid.	ibid.	Feeding (sheep)	ibid.	ns	ns	61.4	43.0	Suzuki et al. unpublished
Cashew shell, Tanzania	Raw	-	-	-	[25]	Batch culture	0.17 mg/mL	-	ns	17.8	-	[25]
Cashew shell, Brazil	Heated	-	62.9	13.4	[26]	Feeding (milking cow)	0.11% of DMI	ns	-	8.0	-	[26]
Cashew shell, Brazil	Raw	64.9	1.2	13.3	[29]
Cashew shell, Brazil	Heated	-	73.3	19.4	[28]	Feeding (milking cow)	0.036% of DMI	ns	-	-	-	[28]
Cashew shell, Brazil	Raw	49.3	30.5	20.2	[27]
Ginkgo fruit, Japan	Cultivar A	85.0	2.3	12.7	Oh et al.	Batch culture	3.2 mg/mL	-	ns	85.7	42.0	Oh et al. unpublished
	Cultivar B	86.8	2.3	10.9	unpublished	ibid.	4.5 mg/mL	-	ns	65.9	46.0	ibid.
						RUSITEC	3.2 mg/mL	ns	ns	47.3	53.7	ibid.
Ginkgo leaf, Korea	Unspecified	-	-	-		Batch	1.0 mg/mL^c	ns	ns	46.7	-	[30]

-, No data available
ns, Not significantly changed
↑, Significantly increased
^aCalculated on basis of CH4 ml for in vitro test and of CH4 g/kg DMI for in vivo test, respectively
^bHeat was used in deshelling process
^cg of extract/mL (not calculable as original leaf)

ISSN: 2049-1891