Table 2 Mean (±SD) of sperm characteristics after different centrifugation treatments in normal (N) and poor (P) quality ejaculates

Normal morphology, %

90.4 ± 5.3*

91.2 ± 4.4*

89.6 ± 3.2*

91.3 ± 3.7*

85.9 ± 5.4*

63.7 ± 6.4^§

87.9 ± 4.6*

66.2 ± 7.1^§

Non-sperm cells, %

0.05 ± 0.04*

0.07 ± 0.04*

0.07 ± 0.05*

0.05 ± 0.03*

0.06 ± 0.03*

2.8 ± 1.1^§

0.03 ± 0.02*

3.2 ± 1.3^§

TM, %

91 ± 6*

91 ± 3*

91 ± 5*

92 ± 3*

85 ± 6^§

86 ± 6^§

84 ± 7^§

83 ± 4^§

PM, %

74 ± 10*

79 ± 4*

77 ± 3*

81 ± 1*

64 ± 6^§

65 ± 5^§

66 ± 3^§

66 ± 2^§

VAP, μm/s

153.2 ± 10.9*

153.5 ± 10.4*

150.1 ± 10*

147.6 ± 7.5*

152.7 ± 13.9*

153.3 ± 16.9*

156.8 ± 20.4*

140.5 ± 11.7^§

VSL, μm/s

127.2 ± 9.4*

132.3 ± 11.7*

129.2 ± 8.6*

128.4 ± 7.7*

126.1 ± 9.9*

126.7 ± 16.5*

131.8 ± 14.3*

119 ± 8.9^§

VCL, μm/s

256.6 ± 35.9*^§

263.4 ± 18.5^§

252.4 ± 25.8*

255.9 ± 14.1*

261.6 ± 25.7*

271.1 ± 19.3^§

264.7 ± 40.8^§

243.8 ± 17.6*

ALH, μm

8.9 ± 1.7*

8.7 ± 0.7*

8.6 ± 1.2*

8.8 ± 0.5*

9.3 ± 0.8^§

9.6 ± 0.3^§

8.8 ± 1.1*

8.7 ± 0.3*

BCF, Hz

44.3 ± 3.3*

45.2 ± 3*

45.2 ± 1.9*

44.7 ± 1.4*

43.8 ± 1.9*

42.7 ± 2.6*

44.6 ± 1.6*

42.9 ± 1.7*

STR, %

83 ± 3*

86 ± 2*

86 ± 4*

87 ± 2*

83 ± 2*

82 ± 3*

84 ± 2*

85 ± 2*

LIN, %

51 ± 3*

53 ± 2*

53 ± 3*

53 ± 2*

51 ± 2*

50 ± 2*

52 ± 1.5*

51 ± 2*

PI-, PSA-, %

86.9 ± 5.4*

85.1 ± 8.3*

83.7 ± 7.3*

84.5 ± 3*

75.5 ± 10.4^§

72.3 ± 4.7^§

82.4 ± 7.27*

71.3 ± 10.3^§

PI-, PSA+, %

0.5 ± 0.2*

0.4 ± 0.2*

0.3 ± 0.2*

0.4 ± 0.3*

0.6 ± 0.2*

0.7 ± 0.3*

0.5 ± 0.3*

0.7 ± 0.4*

PI+, PSA-, %

10.3 ± 0.9*

12 ± 1.1*

13.8 ± 1.2*

12.6 ± 0.9*

20.8 ± 1.7^§

24 ± 1.4^§

14.9 ± 1.1*

24.9 ± 1.3^§

PI+, PSA+, %

2.3 ± 0.4*

2.5 ± 0.3*

2.2 ± 0.3*

2.5 ± 0.2*

3.1 ± 0.4*

3 ± 0.3*

2.2 ± 0.3*

3.1 ± 0.4*

h-MMP, %

53.6 ± 4.2*

52.9 ± 3.8*

54.2 ± 4.6*

53.1 ± 4.1*

52.4 ± 3.7*

51.9 ± 3.2*

45.8 ± 3.2^§

41.8 ± 6.4^§