Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: a review

Zeng, Zhaikai; Zhang, Sai; Wang, Hongliang; Piao, Xiangshu

doi:10.1186/s40104-015-0004-5

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Table 1 Effects of essential oils and aromatic plants on the performance of swine and poultry

From: Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: a review

Feed additive	Dose,mg/kg	Major components	Treatment effects (%, difference to control)				References
Feed additive	Dose,mg/kg	Major components	Species	ADG	ADFI	FCR	References
Plant extract	150	5% Carvacrol (Origanum spp.), 3% cinnamaldehyde and 2% capsicum oleoresin	Weaned pigs	−5	−6	1	Manzanilla et al. [6]
Plant extract	300		Weaned pigs	−2	-	−2	Manzanilla et al. [6]
Herbal extracts	7,500	Cinnamon, thyme, oregano and a carrier	Weaned pigs	−10	−17	8	Namkung et al. [7]
EO blend	300	Fenugreek (40%), clove (12.5%), cinnamon (7.5%) and carrier (40%)	Weaned pigs	7	5	−2	Cho, et al. [8]
Phytobiotics	1,000	Anis oil, citrus oil, oregano oil, and natural flavors	Nursery pigs	4	1	−2	Kommera et al. [9]
Plant extract	300	5% (wt/wt) Carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, and 2% capsicum oleoresin	Weaned pigs	33	26	−4	Manzanilla et al. [10]
Plant extract	300	5% (wt/wt) Carvacrol (Origanum spp.), 3% cinnamaldehyde (Cinnamonum spp.), and 2% capsicum oleoresin (Capsicum annum)	Weaned pigs	33	26	−4	Nofrarías, et al. [11]
Fennel	100	Fennel and caraway oil were obtained by steam distillation from fennel or caraway seeds	Weaned pigs	6	3	−3	Schone et al. [12]
Caraway	100		Weaned pigs	0	−1	−2	Schone et al. [12]
EO blend	100	Buckwheat, thyme, curcuma, black pepper and ginger	Weaned pigs	0	-3	−4	Yan et al. [13]
EO blend	1,000	Cinnamomum verum, Origanum vulgare spp., Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris and Rosmarinus	Weaned pigs	2	-	−2	Huang et al. [14]
EO blend	300	4.44 g of anise oil, 1.30 g of clove oil, and 2.0 g of cinnamon oil/kg of additive	Weaned pigs	10	5	−4	Maenner et al. [15]
EO blend	300	27.8 g of anise (Pimpinella anisum) oil, 12.5 g of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil, and 46.0 g of peppermint (M. arvensis) oil/kg of additive	Weaned pigs	7	4	−3	Maenner et al. [15]
EO blend	50	Thymol, cinnamaldehyde	Weaned pigs	11	7	−3	Li et al. [16]
	100			22	19	−2
	150			22	15	−5
EO blend	1,000	Oregano, which contained 60% active substance (Cymene, Terpinene, Carvacrol) and 40% carrier (dextrin)	Weaned pigs	2	2	−1	Zhang et al. [17]
Chinese medicinal herbs	1,000	20% of each of Dioscoreaceae batatas, A. macrocephala, G. uralensis and Platycodon grandiflorum	Weaned pigs	16	-	−14	Huang et al. [18]
Chinese medicinal herbs	3,000		Weaned pigs	13	-	−11	Huang et al. [18]
EO blend	100	18% thymol and cinnamaldehyde (EOD)	Weaned pigs	12	1	−10	Li et al. [19]
EO blend	100		Weaned pigs	10	−1	−10	Zeng et al. [20]
Oregano	500		Finisher pigs	−10	−8	3	Janz et al. [21]
EO blend	100	Thyme, rosemary, oreganum extracts and kaolin	Finisher pig	4	−1	−5	Yan et al. [22]
EO blend	100	Thyme, rosemary, oreganum extracts and kaolin	Finisher pig	4	2	−2	Yan et al. [22]
EO blend	25	Blend of EO containing 2.9% active ingredients including thymol	Broiler	5	4	−1	Jang et al. [23]
EO blend	50		Broiler	3	5	1	Jang et al. [23]
EO blend	100	Syzigium aromathicum (clove); Cinnamon ceylanensis; Cinnamon camphocamphora (cinnamon)	Broiler	−1		2	Isabel and Santos [24]
Oregano EO	250	Carvacrol 84.0%; thymol 1.8%	Broiler	3	4	0	Basmacioglu et al. [25]
Oregano EO	500	Carvacrol 84.0%; thymol 1.8%	Broiler	3	−3	−8	Basmacioglu et al. [25]
Oregano EO	300	77.3% carvacrol, 9.6% thymol	Broiler	−7	−4	2	Kirkpinar et al. [26]
Garlic EO	300	2-propenyl thioacetonitril 43.2%, trisulfide methyl 2-propenyl 23.4%, disulfide di-2-propenyl 20.9%		−3	−4	0
Oregano EO + garlic EO	150/150	Carvacrol 38.7%, thymol 4.8%, 2-propenyl thioacetonitril 21.6%, trisulfide methyl 2-propenyl 11.7%, disulfide di-2-propenyl 10.4%		−4	−5	−2
EO blend	100	Cinnamaldehyde and thymol	Broiler	5	1	−3	Amerah et al. [27]
EO blend	100	Cinnamaldehyde and thymol	Broiler	2	2	0	Amerah et al. [27]
Thyme EO	1,000	Thymol 44.1%, p-cymene 32.0%, terpineol 9.6%, linalol 4.6%	Broiler	−4	−3	0	Cross et al. [28]
Oregano EO	300	Carvacrol 86.7%; thymol 3.3%; p-cymene 1.3%; γ-terpinene 1.3%	Broiler	3	2	−1	Roofchaee et al. [29]
	600			5	0	−5
	1,200			3	−2	−4
EO blend	125	Oregano, anis and citrus peel-active component (carvacrol)	Broiler	5	−2	−6	Hong et al. [30]
EO blend	150	Carvacrol, thymol, eucalyptol, lemon	Broiler	7	-	−3	Alali et al. [31]
	250			8	-	−5
	500			15	-	−7
EO blend	100	Basil, caraway, laurel, lemon, oregano, sage, tea, thyme	Broiler	7	0	−6	Khattak et al. [32]
	200			7	0	−7
	300			6	−2	−6
	400			6	0	−5
	500			7	−2	−8
Ginger EO	75	Zingiberene 27.2%; β-Sesquiphellandrene 13.7; Sabinene 13.4%; Ar-curcumene 10.7%; β-Bisabolene 9.9%;	Broiler	7	6	0	Habibi et al. [33]
Ginger EO	150		Broiler	5	6	0	Habibi et al. [33]
Rosewood EO	150	Linalool 84.8%; Minor oxigenated sesquiterpenes 3.4%; α-terpineol 2.9%; geraniol 1.0%	Broiler	2	1	−1	Aguilar et al. [34]
	300			2	2	0
	450			1	−1	−2
	600			1	2	0
Thymol	30	Thymol	Turkey	0	-	−1	Ginnenas et al. [35]
EO blend	30	10% thymol, 0.5% eugenol, 0.05% piperine	Turkey	7	-	−8	Ginnenas et al. [35]

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ISSN: 2049-1891

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