Porcine methionine sulfoxide reductase B3: molecular cloning, tissue-specific expression profiles, and polymorphisms associated with ear size in Sus scrofa

Background In Sus scrofa, methionine sulfoxide reductase B3 (MSRB3) is a crucial candidate gene for ear size, and an important conformational trait of pig breeds. However, challenges in MSRB3 cDNA amplification have prevented further identification of MSRB3 allelic variants influencing pig ear size. Results We cloned a full-length cDNA sequence of porcine MSRB3 by rapid-amplification of cDNA ends. The 3,765-bp gene contained a 5’-untranslated region (UTR) (190 bp), a coding region (552 bp), and a 3’-UTR (3,016 bp) and shared 84 %, 84 %, 87 %, 86 %, and 70 % sequence identities with human, orangutan, mouse, chicken, and zebrafish, respectively. The gene encoded a 183-amino acid protein, which shared 88 %, 91 %, 89 %, 86 %, and 67 % identities with human, orangutan, mouse, chicken, and zebrafish, respectively. Tissue expression analysis using qRT-PCR revealed that MSRB3 was expressed in the heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, ear, muscle, fat, lymph, skeletal, and hypothalamic tissues. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in MSRB3: c.-735C > T in the 5’ flanking region, c.2571 T > C in the 3’-UTR, and a synonymous mutation of c.484 T > C in the coding region. The SNPs c.-735C > T and c.2571 T > C were significantly associated with ear size in a Large White × Minzhu F2 population other than in Beijing Black pigs. Subsequently, at SNP c.-735C > T, the mRNA of MSRB3 was significantly higher expressed in ears of individuals with the TT genotype (Minzhu) than those with CC (Large White). Conclusions The porcine MSRB3 owned a 3,765-bp full-length cDNA sequence and was detected to express in ear tissue. Two SNPs of this gene were shown to be significantly associated with ear size in a Large White × Minzhu intercross population instead of Beijing Black pig population. What’s more, the individuals with higher mRNA expression of MSRB3 have larger ear sizes. These results provide useful information for further functional analyses of MSRB3 influencing ear size in pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40104-015-0060-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


Background
In traditional Chinese culture, large ears are considered to be a blessed characteristic. Historically, the large ear trait has been selected for domestic pigs; consequently, most Chinese pig breeds today have ears larger than their foreign counterparts. Ear size is an important trait to distinguish pig breeds [1], and many studies have investigated its genetic basis. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for ear size have been mapped to Sus scrofa chromosomes (SSC) 1,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,16, and X [2,3]. On SSC7, PPARD has been identified as a major effect gene; a G32E mutation in this gene is the causal variant conferring the phenotype [4]. Li et al. refined the QTL (11-cM interval) on SSC5 to an 8.7-cM interval using a Duroc × Erhualian intercross population [5]. In a previous genome-wide association study, MSRB3 is adjacent to the most significant SNP associated with porcine ear size [6]. Moreover, a GWAS using 12 dog breeds with pricked ears and 15 breeds with dropped ears suggested that MSRB3 is adjacent to the most strongly associated SNP with ear morphology as well [7]. In another study for dogs, singlemarker analysis showed MSRB3 is also near the strongest association with ear floppiness [8]. Therefore, MSRB3 should be regarded as a good candidate on SSC5 for porcine ear size. However the lack of a full-length cDNA of porcine MSRB3 has made it challenging to verify its mechanism in influencing ear size. Hence, our study's aims were to clone porcine MSRB3, investigate its transcript abundance and tissue expression, and identify polymorphisms associated with ear size in different populations.

Ethics statement
All animals were treated according to the guidelines for the experimental animals established by the Council of China. All animal experiments were approved by the Science Research Department of the Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) (Beijing, China).

Sampling and data collection
Ear samples from five Large White pigs were used to clone the full-length MSRB3 cDNA. For tissue distribution studies of porcine MSRB3 mRNA transcripts, samples were collected from the heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, ear, muscle, fat, lymph, bone, and hypothalamus of one Large White. Ear samples from 60-day old Large White pigs (n = 5) and 60-day old Minzhu individuals (n = 5) were used to analyze the mRNA differential expression of MSRB3 between genotypes. All samples were collected and immediately dipped into liquid nitrogen. Large White founders (n = 4) with small ears and Minzhu founders (n = 4) with large ears from a Large White × Minzhu population (reared at the pig farm of the Institute of Animal Science at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) were used for SNP discovery. In addition, association studies were performed using 370 F2 individuals at 240 days of age from the Large White × Minzhu population and 380 Beijing Black pigs at 100 kg body weight (reared at the pig farm of Beijing Hei6 Co., Ltd, China). Left ear outline of each F2 progeny was delineated on a tracing paper using pencil and scanned by Lenovo (legend) M700 multi-function printer. Ear areas were calculated separately by Adobe Photoshop CS5.
Genomic DNA and total RNA isolation Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from ear tissue samples as described in [9] and diluted to 50 ng/μL. The gDNA samples were stored at -20°C and/or at 4°C. Total RNA was isolated from tissue samples using an RNAprep Pure Tissue Kit (TIANGEN, China) according to manufacturer's instructions. Extracted RNA was eluted in water and quantified spectrophotometrically with A260/ 280 ratio using NanoDrop UV-Vis (Thermo Scientific).

Molecular cloning of full-length MSRB3 cDNA
Reverse transcription was performed on MSRB3 mRNA using a PrimeScript TM RT reagent kit (TakaRa, Japan) according to manufacturer's instructions. Primers were designed using the predicted porcine MSRB3 mRNA sequence (GenBank accession no. XM_005663956) as the reference ( Table 1). The part cDNA fragment was obtained using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of pooled cDNA from five Large White pigs.
Rapid amplification of 5'-and 3'-cDNA ends (RACE) was performed to attain MSRB3 cDNA using a SMART TM Kit (Clontech, USA) and 3'-Full RACE Core Set with PrimeScript TM RTase (TaKaRa, Japan) according to manufacturer's instructions. Primers were designed for part cDNA fragment (Table 1). For the 5'-RACE, an initial round of PCR was performed with a genespecific primer, 5R1, followed by a second nested PCR with another gene-specific primer, 5R2. For the 3'-RACE, an initial round of PCR was performed with a genespecific primer, 3 F1, followed by a second nested PCR with another gene-specific primer, 3 F2. RACE PCR products were analyzed on 1.5 % agarose gels stained with GoldView and purified using a TaKaRa MiniBEST Agarose Gel DNA Extraction Kit Ver. 3.0 (TaKaRa, Japan). The purified products were cloned into T-Vector pMDTM 20 (TaKaRa, Japan) using a TaKaRa DNA Ligation Kit Version 2.1 (TaKaRa, Japan) and confirmed in both forward and reverse directions using primer walking sequencing (SinoGenoMax Co., Ltd, China), with primer 3 F2 for 3'-RACE products and primers 5R2, 5R3, and 5R4 for 5'-RACE products.

Polymorphism detection and association analyses
Primers were designed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all exons and the 1,000-bp 5' flanking region of MSRB3 (Table 1). Polymorphisms were analyzed using the DNAstar [10]. Genotypes at SNPs c.-735C > T and c.2571 T > C were determined for 370 F2 individuals of a Large White × Minzhu intercross population and 380 Beijing Black pigs using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-timeoff light mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF, Sequenom, USA). Primers and probes used for MALDI-TOF were listed in Table 2. Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated for the two SNPs. Genotypic effects were analyzed by least-square analysis using the GLM procedure of SAS version 9.2, according to the following animal model: Where Y is the observation of ear size; μ is the population mean; G is the random effect of genotype; S is the fixed effect of sex; B is the fixed effect of the slaughter batch; W is the covariate effect of weight; and e is the random residue.

Expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR
Tissue-specific expression analysis of porcine MSRB3 mRNA was performed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using the 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an endogenous control to normalize the target gene expression in 11 different tissues including heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, ear, muscle, fat, lymph, skeletal, and hypothalamus. Total RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed as described above. Oligonucleotide primer pair M4F/M4R and G1F/ G1R (Table 1) were designed in Primer Express version 3.0 (Applied Biosystems) and used to amplify MSRB3 and GAPDH, respectively. PCR amplifications were carried out in a 20-μL volume which consist of 10 μL of 2× Power SYBRGreen Master Mix (Applied BioSystems), 0.7 μL of each primer (10 μmol/L), 1.3 μL of cDNA and 7.3 μL of ddH 2 O. Cycling conditions were an initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 annealing cycles at 95°C for 15 s, and a final extension at 60°C for 60 s. The differential expression analysis of MSRB3 mRNA between Minzhu and Large White was performed by qRT-PCR as described above.

Results
Cloning and sequencing of porcine MSRB3 cDNA Three partial cDNA fragments was amplified and identified based on the predicted porcine MSRB3 mRNA sequence (Fig. 1a-c). A 2,266-bp internal cDNA fragment was obtained by assembling the three cDNA fragments using DNAMAN software. A 778 bp 3'-end and a 1,378 bp 5'end were obtained by 3'-RACE and 5'-RACE, respectively ( Fig. 1d and e). A 3,765 bp MSRB3 cDNA sequence was assembled using DNAMAN software and submitted to GenBank (accession no. KP772260). Intron-exon boundaries for the porcine MSRB3 gene were determined using Ensemble Blast, and seven exons, ranging in size from 29 to 3,178 bp, were identified (Table 3). Porcine MSRB3 contained a 5'-UTR (190 bp), a coding region (552 bp) that encoded a 183-amino acid protein, and a 3'-UTR (3,016 bp) (Fig. 2). Additionally, the 3'-UTR contained a normal AATAAA polyadenylation signal sequence. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that identities of porcine MSRB3 cDNA with human, orangutan, mouse, chicken and zebrafish were 84 %, 84 %, 87 %, 86 % and 70 %, respectively.

Polymorphism detection and association analysis
Three  Table 4. Associations of SNP genotypes with ear size were presented in The mRNA expression of MSRB3 using qRT-PCR The qRT-PCR analysis was conducted to further identify the tissue mRNA expression pattern of porcine MSRB3. The relative mRNA expression levels of MSRB3 in 11 tissues from a subject were normalized with housekeeping gene GAPDH. We found that MSRB3 mRNA was detected to be expressed among all of 11 tissues (Fig. 3). Subsequently, according to the genotype of c.-735C > T, we monitored the relative mRNA expression of MSRB3 in ear tissues of Minzhu (TT) and Large White (CC) pigs using qRT-PCR (Fig. 4). The expression levels were significant higher in Minzhu individuals compared with Large White individuals (P < 0.05).

Bioinformatic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence
The amino acid composition of porcine predicted MSRB3 was shown in Additional file 1: Table S1 and shared 88 %, 91 %, 89 %, 86 % and 67 % identities with human, orangutan, mouse, chicken, and zebrafish respectively. Primary structure analysis revealed that the molecular weight of the putative MSRB3 protein with a theoretical isoelectric point of 7.06 was 19.8 kDa and the instability index was 48.67, which classified it as unstable by ProtParam. Amino acid content of the protein was highest in Serine (Ser) and lowest for tryptophan (Trp). Hydrophobicity analysis indicated that MSRB3 protein was strongly hydrophilic (Additional file 2: Figure S1). Seven putative O-glycosylation sites were identified at positions 13, 25, 27, 164, 165, 166 and 170 of porcine MSRB3 (Additional file 3: Figure S2) Figure S3). No cleavage site, N-glycosylation site or transmembrane helices were predicted. Prediction by PSORT II suggested that this protein was most likely localized in the nucleus. The molecular weights and isoelectric points of multiple phosphorylation states ranged from 19.8 to 21.2 kDa and 4.25 to 7.06, separately (Additional file 5: Table S2). Alpha helix, extended strands and random coils accounted for 17.49 %, 26.78 % and 55.74 % of the predicted secondary structure, respectively (Additional file 6: Figure S4). A SelR domain from 40 th to 162 th amino acids was predicted by SMART (Additional file 7: Figure S5). Based on the alignment of six kinds of MSRB3 variants from human, orangutan,mouse, chicken, zebrafish and pig published in GenBank, a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed in MEGA 6 (Additional file 8: Figure S6). The porcine MSRB3 showed a closer genetic relationship with those of human, orangutan and mouse than of the other species.

Discussion
In this study, the complete mRNA sequence of porcine MSRB3 was obtained. Splice donor and acceptor consensus sequences were identified at intron-exon boundaries according to the GT-AG rule [14,15]. Human MSRB3 can encode two protein isoforms, MSRB3A and MSRB3B, as alternative first exon splicing introduces contrasting N-terminal signal peptides [16]. In mouse, however, no alternative splicing mechanisms have been found [17]. Similar to mouse, our RACE results also indicate a lack of alternative splicing in porcine MSRB3. In contrast to human MSRB3, which contains 6-8 exons [16], pig and mouse MSRB3 contains 7 exons [17]. Porcine MSRB3 protein shared higher amino acid sequence identities (88, 91 and 89 %) with those of human, orangutan and mouse than with chicken and zebrafish. These results suggested that MSRB3 is highly evolutionarily conserved in mammals and our neighbor-joining phylogeny built in MEGA corroborated this result. In this study, MSRB3 was predicted to be most likely localized in the nucleus, which is not definitive for the limited probability (43.5 %) based on the prediction. Human and mouse MSRB1 proteins are also localized to the cell nucleus [16]. However, mouse MSRB3 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein [17] while human MSRB3 is targeted to the ER and mitochondria [16]. Studies have demonstrated that zinc is indispensable for Drosophila MSRB protein catalysis and structure [18,19]. Four conserved cysteine residues organized in two CxxC motifs are putative zinc-binding residues in the predicted SelR domain, suggesting that this protein is a putative zinc-containing enzyme. The MSRB3 genes of human and mouse have been reported to be expressed ubiquitously in many tissues, including the brain, ear, lung, heart, kidney, liver, muscle, and spleen [20,21].  Similar to our findings in Sus scrofa, MSRB3 is expressed at elevated levels in heart and skeletal muscle in human and mouse [19,22]. MSRB3 plays an important role in regulation of cell cycle progression and cell proliferation [23]. We know that the outer ear primarily consists of skin and cartilage. Therefore, MSRB3 may influence the skin and cartilage cell growth of the outer ear and play an important role in porcine ear size. A SNP (H3GA0016181), which is 152199-bp away from c.2571 T > C and 319883-bp away from c.-735C > T, is significantly associated with porcine ear size in a previous study [6], and was also identified by other studies [24][25][26]. In humans, functional null mutations c.265 T > G and c.55C > T in MSRB3 are associated with deafness DFNB74 [20]. In dogs, the most strongly associated SNP with ear morphology is also near MSRB3 [7,8]. Therefore, MSRB3 should be regarded as a good candidate on SSC5 for porcine ear size. In the genome of Sus scrofa, the MSRB family includes three genes, designated MSRB1, MSRB2, and MSRB3, the latter of which is a pleiotropic gene. Besides ear, MSRB3 plays an important role in heat, cold and oxidative tolerance, and also in the regulation of aging in transgenic drosophila lines [27]. Evidence indicates that MSRB3 influences hippocampal size in humans [28]. Human MSRB3 carries antimicrobial activity [29] and can inhibit the growth of E. coli cells when overexpressed [16]. However, it is important to note that a role of the MSRB3 protein in ear size has not been confirmed in any species until now.
In this research, three SNPs were identified in the fulllength cDNA and the 5' flanking region of MSRB3. Of these polymorphisms, c.2571 T > C and c.-735C > T had presented in the NCBI dbSNP (NCBI Assay ID: rs326411202 and rs340841870). Although the c.-735C > T site was a predicted transcription factor binding site for GATA1 (http://diyhpl.us/ bryan/irc/protocol-online/protocol-cache/TFSEARCH.html), the sequence around this mutation didn't exactly match  Fig. 3 Relative mRNA transcript abundance of the porcine MSRB3 in 11 tissues the GATA1 motif [30]. However, in this work, the mRNA of MSRB3 was significantly higher expressed in Minzhu (TT of c.-735C > T) ears than in Large White (CC of c.-735C > T) ears. A previous report indicated that the deletion of MSRB3 leads to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase by activating the p53-p21 and p27 pathways in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and this inhibitory effect on cell proliferation was also observed in primary human dermal fibroblasts [23]. Similar to the above study, the individuals (TT of c.-735C > T) with higher expression of MSRB3 have larger ear sizes than those with CC of c.-735C > T in current research. While no significant association between c.-735C > T and ear size in Beijing Black pigs suggested MSRB3 c.-735C > T might be linked with the QTN of ear size in F2 population other than in Beijing Black pigs. Additionally, due to the limitation number of the subjects which were used to detect SNPs, the possibility of new SNPs within this gene associated with ear size cannot be fully excluded. Hence further functional assays are still required to identify the mechanism of MSRB3 influencing ear size in pigs.

Conclusions
This study cloned a full-length cDNA of porcine MSRB3. The gene included seven exons. Tissue expression analysis indicated that MSRB3 is highly expressed in muscle and cardiac tissue and moderately expressed in ear. Further, two SNPs were identified within gene and 5' flanking region, showing significant association with ear size in a Large White × Minzhu F2 population. In addition, the MSRB3 gene was significantly higher expressed in individuals with the genotype TT than those with the genotype CC at SNP c.-735C > T. Our work provides a strong molecular foundation for the genetic basis underlying porcine ear size and is expected to result in novel insights into the mechanism of MSRB3 influencing ear size in pigs.