Fig. 2

β-Hydroxybutyric acid-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress in fGCs. A–B cROS levels in the control and BHBA-2.4 mmol/L groups (n = 3). (C) MDA levels in the control and BHBA-2.4 mmol/L groups (n = 6). D Mn-SOD activity in the control and BHBA-2.4 mmol/L groups (n = 6). E Mn-SOD mRNA relative expression in the control and BHBA-2.4 mmol/L groups (n = 3). F–G MitoROS levels in the control and BHBA-2.4 mmol/L groups (n = 3). For Fig. 2B–E and G, we used Student t-tests for significant difference analysis (^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01)