Fig. 8

Bacteroides-derived isovaleric acid regulates macrophage polarization and immunologic function of IECs. A and B Gene expression levels of IL-10, Arg-2, iNOS, IL-4, TGF-β and MyD88 in HD-11 treated with different doses of isovalerate acid for 5 h (n = 3). C HD-11were treated for 5 h with different doses of isovalerate acid, then were cultured in DMEM containing GFP-labeled Escherichia coli for 2 h. Phagocytosis was detected by flow cytometry (n = 3). D and E Gene expression levels of TGF-β, BAFF, MyD88, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TLR4 in IEC treated with different doses of isovalerate acid for 5 h (n = 3). Data are means ± SEM; unpaired Student’s t test; β-actin and GAPDH were used as the endogenous control for qPCR. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001