Fig. 5

Microbial community composition and functional analysis in duodenum between AA and WLMB. A Rarefaction curves of observed OTUs. B Alpha diversity indices between AA and WLMB (n = 6). C Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plot of duodenal microbiota between AA and WLMB (unweighted UniFrac distance matrix). D Rank curves of each sample. E LEfSe analysis was performed to identify microbiota taxa that were significantly difference between AA and WLMB. Biomarker taxa were heighted by colored circles, circle’s diameter is relative to the abundance of biomarkers. F Duodenum bacterial function profiles. Heatmap showed the differential abundant of KEGG pathways. G Heatmap of the correlation coefficient between the genera of microbiota and the IgA-related DGEs. Data are means ± SEM; unpaired Student’s t test; ** P < 0.01