Full-fat insect meals in ruminant nutrition: in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and lipid biohydrogenation

Renna, Manuela; Coppa, Mauro; Lussiana, Carola; Le Morvan, Aline; Gasco, Laura; Maxin, Gaelle

doi:10.1186/s40104-022-00792-2

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Table 4 Fatty acids (g/100 g FA, unless otherwise stated) of ruminal digesta after 24 h incubation of the insect and control meals

From: Full-fat insect meals in ruminant nutrition: in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and lipid biohydrogenation

Item	Meals												SEM	P-value
	Full-fat insect meals								Control meals					P-value
	ACD	ALD	BL	GB	GS	HI	MD	TM	SBM	RPM	SFM	FM
C10:0	0.10^d	0.07^d	0.07^d	0.06^d	0.05^d	0.77^a	0.05^d	0.03^d	0.57^b	0.20^cd	0.31^c	0.28^c	0.040	< 0.001
C11:0 + C10:1 c9	0.03^f	0.03^f	0.04^ef	0.05^ef	0.05^def	0.09^de	0.04^ef	0.06^def	0.26^a	0.17^c	0.21^b	0.10^d	0.012	< 0.001
C12:0	0.42^b	0.20^b	0.42^b	0.38^b	0.34^b	19.98^a	0.35^b	0.58^b	1.47^b	1.26^b	1.23^b	0.76^b	0.846	< 0.001
C13:0	0.005^ab	0.003^ab	0.001^b	0.004^ab	0.005^ab	0.009^ab	0.004^ab	0.007^ab	0.021^ab	0.024^a	0.012^ab	0.018^ab	0.0050	0.021
C14:0	1.65^ef	1.39^f	2.43^e	1.51^f	2.06^ef	6.83^b	3.74^d	4.05^cd	4.40^cd	4.55^c	4.48^cd	9.18^a	0.198	< 0.001
C15:0	0.90^e	0.68^e	0.63^e	0.76^e	0.68^e	1.30^d	1.71^c	0.70^e	4.70^a	4.14^b	4.82^a	1.73^c	0.093	< 0.001
C16:0	31.02^cde	35.79^ab	30.2^de	32.21^cd	37.64^a	26.96^e	32.23^cd	22.59^f	31.47^cd	29.66^de	27.59^e	34.00^bc	0.822	< 0.001
C17:0	0.31^d	0.62^ab	0.35^cd	0.40^bcd	0.33^cd	0.48^bcd	0.58^abc	0.27^d	0.75^a	0.76^a	0.64^ab	0.76^a	0.056	< 0.001
C18:0	13.52^a	11.29^ab	12.19^a	12.91^a	14.7^a	7.21^b	11.26^ab	7.70^b	11.35^ab	10.84^ab	11.35^ab	10.96^ab	0.919	< 0.001
C20:0	0.146^bcd	0.179^bcd	0.161^bcd	0.249^ab	0.222^abc	0.111^cd	0.107^d	0.087^d	0.224^abc	0.324^a	0.255^ab	0.255^ab	0.0240	< 0.001
C21:0 (+ CLA t9c11)	0.010^cd	0.030^a	0.023^ab	0.034^a	0.032^a	0.025^ab	0.023^abc	0.016^bc	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.0030	< 0.001
C22:0	0.024^d	0.026^cd	0.039^bcd	0.027^cd	0.024^d	0.028^cd	0.044^bcd	0.034^bcd	0.125^a	0.094^ab	0.090^abc	0.069^abcd	0.0130	< 0.001
C24:0	0.017^b	0.022^b	0.003^c	0.020^b	0.047^a	0.002^c	0.014^b	0.004^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.0024	< 0.001
C13 iso	0.154^b	0.090^b	0.094^b	0.143^b	0.119^b	0.168^b	0.153^b	0.107^b	0.799^a	0.731^a	0.769^a	0.243^b	0.0370	< 0.001
C13 aiso	0.027^c	0.016^c	0.013^c	0.018^c	0.019^c	0.079^b	0.022^c	0.013^c	0.159^a	0.127^a	0.141^a	0.04^c	0.100	< 0.001
C14 iso	0.67^cd	0.36^d	0.42^d	0.55^d	0.54^d	0.90^bc	0.49^d	0.43^d	2.79^a	2.70^a	2.59^a	1.16^b	0.077	< 0.001
C15 iso	1.41^cd	0.55^e	0.53^e	1.09^cde	0.96^de	1.66^c	0.86^de	0.74^e	5.58^a	4.17^b	5.26^a	1.42^cd	0.143	< 0.001
C15 anteiso	2.15^c	0.90^d	0.71^d	1.52^cd	1.51^cd	2.26^c	1.19^cd	1.31^cd	8.60^a	7.42^b	8.28^ab	2.18^c	0.264	< 0.001
C16 iso	0.76^cde	0.35^f	0.33^f	0.59^cdef	0.59^cdef	0.86^c	0.50^def	0.48^ef	2.18^ab	2.07^b	2.45^a	0.83^cd	0.076	< 0.001
C17 iso	0.25^ef	0.20^f	0.19^f	0.38^e	0.21^f	0.36^e	0.74^cd	0.16^f	1.00^a	0.82^bc	0.91^ab	0.63^d	0.032	< 0.001
C17 anteiso	0.68^c	0.42^d	0.41^d	0.53^c	0.57^c	0.86^c	0.44^c	0.47^c	2.49^a	2.25^a	2.61^a	1.28^b	0.094	< 0.001
C18 iso	0.06^e	0.35^b	0.06^e	0.03^e	0.04^e	0.17^cd	0.58^a	0.25^c	0.03^e	0.05^e	0.02^e	0.09^de	0.023	< 0.001
C12:1 c9	0.09^d	0.06^d	0.05^d	0.08^d	0.09^d	0.14^cd	0.12^cd	0.11^d	0.63^a	0.45^b	0.47^b	0.21^c	0.200	< 0.001
C14:1 t9	0.09^c	0.08^c	0.11^c	0.08^c	0.15^c	0.05^c	0.32^a	0.24^b	0.12^c	0.08^c	0.05^c	0.08^c	0.022	< 0.001
C16:1 c7	0.6^bcd	0.77^bcd	0.43^d	0.52^cd	0.58^bcd	0.58^bcd	2.96^a	1.07^bcd	1.18^bc	1.20^b	1.14^b	0.91^bcd	0.136	< 0.001
C16:1 c9	0.47^b	0.25^b	1.22^b	1.10^b	0.85^b	1.10^b	7.01^a	1.10^b	0.43^b	0.55^b	0.33^b	6.58^a	0.224	< 0.001
C17:1 c9	0.025^ab	0.039^ab	0.028^ab	0.018^b	0.024^ab	0.023^ab	0.043^a	0.022^ab	0.032^ab	0.020^ab	0.023^ab	0.022^ab	0.0050	0.044
C17:1 t10	0.026^f	0.108^bc	0.087^cd	0.045^ef	0.039^ef	0.087^cd	0.149^a	0.071^de	0.038^ef	0.028^f	0.033^f	0.124^ab	0.0080	< 0.001
C18:1 t4	0.008^bc	0.018^abc	0.020^abc	0.024^ab	0.008^bc	0.012^abc	0.032^a	0.009^bc	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.0046	< 0.001
C18:1 t5	0.015^bc	0.018^abc	0.023^ab	0.029^ab	0.018^abc	0.013^bc	0.033^a	0.016^abc	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.0038	< 0.001
C18:1 t6-8	0.130^bc	0.077^c	0.272^ab	0.219^abc	0.044^c	0.125^bc	0.365^a	0.091^c	0.072^c	0.145^bc	0.097^c	0.071^c	0.0350	< 0.001
C18:1 t9-11	3.13^abc	3.57^ab	4.18^a	4.52^a	1.81^bc	3.14^abc	4.41^a	3.30^abc	1.73^bc	1.94^bc	1.82^bc	1.33^c	0.442	< 0.001
C18:1 t12	0.141^abc	0.080^bc	0.120^ab	0.196^ab	0.033^c	0.101^bc	0.273^a	0.071^bc	0.022^c	0.033^c	0.021^c	0.055^bc	0.0330	< 0.001
C18:1 t13 + t14	0.28^bc	0.14^bc	0.28^bc	0.39^ab	0.11^c	0.24^bc	0.58^a	0.12^c	0.08^c	0.19^bc	0.14^c	0.24^bc	0.530	< 0.001
C18:1 c9 + c10 + t15	12.37^ef	21.52^c	30.09^a	13.90^de	15.50^d	7.98^g	13.95^de	27.50^b	4.46^h	11.26^f	12.68^ef	7.92^g	0.627	< 0.001
C18:1 c11	0.55^c	0.46^c	0.48^c	0.55^c	0.56^c	0.66^c	0.52^c	0.49^c	1.11^b	2.71^a	0.97^b	2.67^a	0.075	< 0.001
C18:1 c12	0.085^c	0.089^c	0.051^c	0.073^c	0.060^c	0.168^b	0.202^a	0.063^c	0.170^b	0.173^b	0.152^b	0.067^c	0.0100	< 0.001
C18:1 c13	0.049^bc	0.063^abc	0.073^abc	0.089^ab	0.114^a	0.055^bc	0.030^bc	0.018^c	0.050^bc	0.042^bc	0.038^bc	0.048^bc	0.0120	< 0.001
C18:1 c14 + t16	0.079^b	0.191^a	0.142^ab	0.194^a	0.032^b	0.064^b	0.196^a	0.041^b	0.044^b	0.063^b	0.054^b	0.049^b	0.2300	< 0.001
C20:1 c11	0.013^de	0.063^bc	0.041^cde	0.025^cde	0.023^cde	0.038^cde	0.037^cde	0.026^cde	0.000^e	0.093^b	0.055^bcd	0.369^a	0.0104	< 0.001
C18:2 t11t15	0.068^a	0.033^abc	0.060^ab	0.033^abc	0.059^ab	0.026^bc	0.053^ab	0.064^ab	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.0086	< 0.001
C18:2 t9t12	0.016^b	0.013^b	0.026^b	0.033^b	0.011^b	0.025^b	0.019^b	0.026^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.140^a	0.0101	< 0.001
C18:2 t9c13 (+ t8c12)	0.083^bc	0.299^a	0.044^cd	0.078^bcd	0.136^b	0.028^cd	0.024^cd	0.030^cd	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.063^cd	0.0162	< 0.001
C18:2 c9t12 + c18:1 c16	0.64^bcde	0.72^bcd	0.20^g	0.49^defg	0.61^cde	0.36^fg	0.29^g	0.44^efg	0.77^bc	0.91^b	1.17^a	0.42^fg	0.063	< 0.001
C18:2 t9c12	0.23^bc	0.57^a	0.19^c	0.18^c	0.27^b	0.19^c	0.17^c	0.06^d	0.06^d	0.08^d	0.03^d	0.05^d	0.018	< 0.001
C18:2 t11c15	0.010	0.016	0.020	0.013	0.012	0.031	0.012	0.013	0.049	0.172	0.032	0.077	0.0390	0.225
C18:2 n-6	22.3^a	12.76^d	6.38^ef	18.02^bc	15.50^cd	8.96^e	7.40^ef	19.97^ab	7.76^ef	5.45^f	4.89^fg	1.73^g	0.852	< 0.001
C18:2 c9c15	0.037^a	0.028^ab	0.027^ab	0.020^ab	0.025^ab	0.016^ab	0.018^ab	0.026^ab	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.023^b	0.0072	0.009
CLA c9t11 (+ t7c9 + t8c10)	0.055^c	0.042^c	0.367^ab	0.308^ab	0.049^c	0.194^bc	0.180^bc	0.533^a	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.0549	< 0.001
CLA t11c13 (+ c9c11)	0.010^bc	0.007^bc	0.007^bc	0.014^ab	0.010^bc	0.024^a	0.015^ab	0.012^b	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.0024	< 0.001
CLA t10c12	0.011^cd	0.01^cd	0.056^a	0.022^bcd	0.018^cd	0.051^a	0.025^bc	0.040^ab	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.0048	< 0.001
CLA t10t12 (+ t11t13)	0.044^d	0.112^c	0.131^abc	0.173^ab	0.158^abc	0.184^a	0.166^abc	0.114^bc	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.0149	< 0.001
C18:3 n-3	0.81^bcd	0.66^cd	1.14^b	0.52^d	0.54^d	1.05^bc	0.71^cd	0.91^bcd	2.05^a	2.01^a	1.75^a	0.90^bcd	0.086	< 0.001
C20:2 n-6	0.018^c	0.015^c	0.034^c	0.026^c	0.008^c	0.015^c	0.014^c	0.011^c	0.174^b	0.079^bc	0.083^bc	0.759^a	0.0280	< 0.001
C20:4 n-6	0.084^c	0.000^d	0.124^b	0.025^d	0.020^d	0.030^d	0.102^bc	0.003^d	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.000^d	0.509^a	0.0100	< 0.001
C20:5 n-3	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	5.11^a	0.0310	< 0.001
C22:5 n-3	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.33^a	0.0100	< 0.001
C22:6 n-3	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	0.000^b	3.17^a	0.0600	< 0.001
Total SFA	48.13^ef	50.29^de	46.53^f	48.56^def	56.15^b	63.77^a	50.12^def	36.12^g	55.35^bc	52.01^cd	50.98^de	58.12^b	0.941	< 0.001
Total OCFA	1.27^e	1.48^de	1.11^e	1.25^e	1.11^e	1.92^d	2.50^c	1.08^e	5.55^a	4.98^b	5.52^a	2.65^c	0.122	< 0.001
Total BCFA	6.15^cde	3.23^f	2.76^f	4.84^def	4.55^ef	7.32^cd	4.98^def	3.96^ef	23.62^a	20.32^b	23.02^a	7.88^c	0.555	< 0.001
Total iso BCFA	3.30^cd	1.90^ef	1.62^f	2.78^de	2.45^def	4.12^c	3.33^cd	2.17^ef	12.38^a	10.53^b	11.99^a	4.37^c	0.241	< 0.001
Total anteiso BCFA	2.85^cde	1.33^ef	1.14^f	2.06^cdef	2.09^cdef	3.20^cd	1.65^def	1.79^def	11.25^a	9.80^b	11.03^ab	3.50^c	0.347	< 0.001
Total MUFA	18.15^f	27.60^d	37.69^a	22.06^e	20.04^ef	14.57^g	31.25^c	34.36^b	10.16^h	18.96^f	18.05^f	20.73^ef	0.690	< 0.001
Total C18:1 c	13.05^ef	22.13^c	30.69^a	14.61^de	16.23^d	8.86^g	14.72^de	28.07^b	5.79^h	14.18^de	13.83^de	10.70^fg	0.644	< 0.001
Total C18:1 t	3.78^ab	4.10^ab	5.04^a	5.58^a	2.06^b	3.69^ab	5.89^a	3.65^ab	1.95^b	2.37^b	2.13^b	1.74^b	0.557	< 0.001
Total PUFA	24.42^a	15.29^de	8.80^g	19.96^bc	17.42^cd	11.20^fg	9.21^fg	22.25^ab	10.87^fg	8.71^g	7.96^g	13.28^ef	0.918	< 0.001
Total CLA	0.12^ef	0.17^def	0.56^a	0.52^ab	0.24^bcde	0.45^abc	0.39^abcd	0.70^a	0.000^e	0.000^e	0.000^e	0.000^e	0.0690	< 0.001
Total n-3 FA	0.93^cd	0.74^cd	1.24^c	0.59^d	0.64^d	1.12^cd	0.80^cd	1.02^cd	2.10^b	2.18^b	1.78^b	9.61^a	0.123	< 0.001
Total n-6 FA	1.21^bc	1.49^b	0.74^ef	1.02^cde	1.00^cde	0.88^def	1.09^cd	0.67^f	1.20^bc	1.28^bc	1.46^b	2.00^a	0.073	< 0.001
Total n-3 FA/Total n-6 FA	0.77^cde	0.50^e	1.69^b	0.56^e	0.64^de	1.28^bc	0.73^cde	1.51^b	1.86^b	1.83^b	1.25^bcd	4.81^a	0.140	< 0.001
Total FA, g/kg DM	29.7^c	72.7^abc	111.3^ab	61.3^abc	46.3^bc	25.7^c	129.8^a	43.7^bc	15.8^c	15.5^c	10.9^c	24.0^c	15.62	< 0.001

Different superscripts within a row indicate significant differences among the tested meals (P-value < 0.05)
Abbreviations: FA Fatty acids, ACD Acheta domesticus, ALD Alphitobius diaperinus, BL Blatta lateralis, GB Gryllus bimaculatus, GS Grylloides sigillatus, HI Hermetia illucens, MD Musca domestica, TM Tenebrio molitor, SBM Soybean meal, RPM Rapeseed meal, SFM Sunflower meal, FM Fishmeal, SEM Standard error of the mean, t Trans, c Cis, CLA Conjugated linoleic acid, SFA Saturated fatty acids, OCFA Odd-chain fatty acids, BCFA Branched-chain fatty acids, MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids, DM Dry matter
¹Total BCFA: C13 iso + C13 anteiso + C14 iso + C15 iso + C15 aiso + C16 iso + C17 iso + C17 aiso + C18 iso
²Total C18:1 cis: (c9 + c10 + t15) + c11 + c12 + c13 + (c14 + t16) + c16
³Total C18:1 trans: t4 + t5 + (t6-8) + (t9-11) + t12 + (t13-14)

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