Table 2 Important antimicrobial-resistant bacteria reported in conventional poultry

Salmonella spp.

Salmonellosis, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, enteric fever fowl typhoid, pullorum disease

Streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfamide

[112]

Ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone

[113]

Amoxicillin, ceftiofur

[110]

Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacteriosis, gastroenteritis, bacterial diarrheal, Guillain-Barré syndrome

Ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline

[114]

Quinolone, tetracycline, amoxicillin

[115]

Escherichia coli

Colibacillosis, bacteremia, UTI, meningitis, pneumonia, cholecystitis, diarrhea, cholangitis, septicemia, pericarditis, airsacculitis, salpingitis, peritonitis, cellulitis

Tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfonamides (sulfisoxazole), trimethoprim, ampicillin

[112]

Tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, quinolones and fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, ampicillin

[116]

Ampicillin, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, streptomycin

[27]

Tetracycline, amoxicillin, ceftiofur, spectinomycin, sulfonamides

[7]

Amoxicillin, ceftiofur, tetracycline

[110]

Ampicillin, cephazolin, streptomycin, tetracylines

[117]

Staphylococcus aureus

Pulmonary infections, heart/bone/joint infections, gastroenteritis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, abscesses, furuncles, cellulitis, meningitis, UTI arthritis, tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, omphalitis

Clindamycin, doxycycline, oxacillin

[27]

Methicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, oxytetracycline, tetracycline

[118]

Clostridium perfringens

Necrotic enteritis, clostridial myonecrosis/gas gangrene

Tetracycline, bacitracin

[119, 120]

Enterococcus faecium

Endocarditis, UTI, prostatis, intra-abdominal infection, cellulitis, wound infection, bacteremia

Lincomycin, bambermycin, bacitracin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, kanamycin, penicillin, tylosin, streptomycin, vancomycin, gentamycin, streptogramins, avilamycin

[4, 88]

Enterococcus faecalis

Endocarditis, UTI, prostatis, intra-abdominal infection, cellulitis, wound infection, bacteremia

septicaemia, endocarditis, salpingitis, arthropathy, amyloidosis

Lincomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, tetracycline, bacitracin, erythromycin, tylosin

[4]