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Table 5 The effect on replacing alfalfa silage with paulownia leaves silage (60 g/kg) on bacteria, methanogens, methane (CH4) production and digestibility measured in rumen-cannulated cows (n = 4) (Exp. 2)

From: The effect of ensiled paulownia leaves in a high-forage diet on ruminal fermentation, methane production, fatty acid composition, and milk production performance of dairy cows

Item

Treatmentsa

SEM

P-valueb

CON

PLS

Microbial populations

 Ruminococcus flavefaciens*

1.18

10.77

2.79

0.09

 Fibrobacter succinogenes*

0.13

0.32

0.04

 < 0.01

 Streptococcus bovis*

1.07

4.61

0.51

 < 0.01

 Prevotella spp.*

3.81

12.91

0.90

 < 0.01

 Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus*

2.19

9.97

1.93

0.04

 Ruminococcus albus*

0.36

0.39

0.45

0.74

 Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens*

0.36

2.82

0.51

0.01

 Lactobacillus spp.*

0.64

0.58

0.04

0.46

 Megasphaera elsdenii*

3.98

16.64

1.82

 < 0.01

 Total bacteria, × 109/mL

7.15

6.86

0.20

0.51

 Total archaea, × 108/mL

6.28

5.28

0.19

 < 0.01

 Methanobacteriales, × 108/mL

4.33

3.44

0.15

 < 0.01

Methanomicrobiales, × 107/mL

3.82

3.21

0.13

 < 0.01

Dry matter intake

23.2

22.9

0.08

0.07

Total-tract digestibility c, g/kg DM

 DM

631

618

4.42

0.15

 OM

660

654

5.34

0.61

 NDF

497

514

10.4

0.46

 CP

616

584

6.07

 < 0.01

 EE

696

747

11.1

0.02

CH4, g/d

459

410

9.80

 < 0.01

CH4, g/kg DMI

22.1

19.5

0.29

 < 0.01

CO2, g/d

11,403

12,008

203

0.97

CO2, g/kg DMI

504

511

7.38

0.74

  1. aCON control diet, PLS paulownia leaves silage diet; the percentage means of how many percentages of alfalfa was replaced with paulowina silage
  2. bThe results are considered to be significantly different at P ≤ 0.05
  3. cDM dry matter, OM organic matter, CP crude protein, EE ether extract, NDF neutral detergent fiber
  4. *Abundance (log10 number of copies of rrs gene/mL of rumen sample)