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Table 2 Summary of original research articles focusing on the chemoprotective effect of SeNPs on various mammalian species

From: Toxicological effects of nanoselenium in animals

Compare study

Animal species

Injury

Size, nm

Modification

Dose

Exposed time, d

Effects

Ref.

Na2SeO3

Mice

Inducet atherosclerosis

23, 40, 86

 

50 μg Se/kg BW

24

↓ Atherosclerotic lesions; ↑ oxidative stress; ↓ GPx; ↑ hyperlipidemia in liver (observed changes were significantly higher in sodium selenite group; moreover SeNPs at the size of 40 nm showed highest negative impact on animal health)

[44]

Na2SeO3

Mice

Alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury

60

Chitosan

1.58–5 mg/kg BW

30

LD50 sodim selenite: 8.8 mg/kg BW; LD50 SeNPs 73.2 mg/kg BW; − body weight, viscera indexes of heart, liver, spleen and kidney (not in liver); SeNPs showed gastroprotective properties; ↑ SOD, GSH-Px and CAT in gastric mucosa in SeNPs treated groups

[72]

 

Mice

Oxidative stress

50

Chitosan

10.5 mg/kg

60

Acute fetal test showed SeNPs-C/C was safer than selenite, with a median lethal dose (LD50) of approximately 4-fold to 11-fold of that of selenite

[50]

Na2SeO3

Mice

0, 2, and 8 Gy gamma irradiation.

20–50

 

0.1 mg/kg

14

Selenium nanoparticles as an emerging potent antioxidant agent can protect against irradiation induced nephropathy

[73]

 

Mice

oxidative stress

200

Melatonin modified SeNPs

10 mg/kg

10

MTse protects against hepatocellular damage than a similar dose of melatonin (10 mg/kg) or selenium (0.1 mg/kg) alone

[74]

 

Mice

Gentamyin induced nephrptoxicity

30–100

 

2 mg/kg BW

10

SeNPs are potent antioxidant candidate against GM-induced oxidative kidney toxicity and hematoxicity in mice.

[75]

 

Mice

Eimeriosis-induced inflammation

5–50

 

0.5 mg/kg

5

SeNPs were able to regulate the gene expression of mucin 2, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor α in the jejunum of mice infected with E. papillata

[76]

 

Mice

Hepatocytes exposed to Gamma radiation

50–200

 

0.10 mg/kg

14

Selenium nanoparticles bear a more potent antioxidant effect in comparison with selenium selenite and can effectively protect the liver cell against Gamma radiation at a dose of 8.00 Gy

[77]

 

Mice

Cellular damage in thyriod by chromium

3–20

 

0.5 mg/kg

5

Se nanoparticles have a protective effect on K2Cr2O7-induced thyroid damage, as a result of correcting the free T3 and T4 levels and GSH, catalase, SOD, and MDA compared to the K2Cr2O7-treated group.

[78]

 

Rats

Deltamethrin induced effects on sperm characteristics

100–200

 

0.5 mg/kg BW

60

↑ Sperm count, motility and viability; ↑ body weight; − testosterone; ↑ GPx, TAC; ↓ MDA

[79]

Na2SeO3

Rats

Glycerol-induced acute kidney injury

129.3

Green synthesis with lycopene

0.5 mg/kg

14

↑ Renal biochemical profile, GPx, ↓ MDA; ↑ expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α genes; ↓ caspase-3, Bax, and cyt-c

[80]

 

Rats

Chloride-induced hepatorenal toxicity

100

 

0.4 mg/kg BW

21

− Creatinine levels; ↓ MDA; ↑ GSH, SOD in renal tissue; ↑ expression Bcl-2 (antiapoptotic protein); ↓ caspase-3 activity

[81]

Na2SeO3

Rats

Paracetamole induced toxicity

40

 

0.5 and 1 mg/kg

30

− ALP, AST, ALT, LDH, GPx in Se and SeNPs groups; protective effect of Se and SeNPs against paracetamol

[82]

 

Rats

Tert butyl hydroperoxid induced oxidative stress

42

 

0.3 mg/kg BW

35

↓ SOD in liver in SeNPs and t-BHP treated rats compared to ctrl; ↑ GPx, CAT in liver in SeNPs groups; − liver enzymes among treated groups compared to ctrl

[83]

 

Rats

Streptozocin induced diabetes

20–80

 

0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg BW

28

↓ Blood sugar, albumine in blood; ↓ creatinin, urea

[84]

Na2SeO3

Rats

Bisphenol-induced reproductive toxicity

20–60

 

2 and 3 mg/kg BW

70

↑ Antioxidant status; ↓ MDA; ↑ restoration of testicular tissue; ↓ expression of mRNA of COX-2; ↑ expression of mRNA of ER-2; ↓ DNA fragmentation compared to ctrl and sodium selenite group

[85]

 

Rats

Induced bone toxicity

40–90

 

0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/kg/d

28

↑ Bone density and biochemical markers of bone resorption

[86]

 

Rats

Neurobehavioral abnormalities and oxidative stress caused by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

 

Glycine

0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg BW

30

↑ Rat’s behaviour and number of TH+ neurons; ↓ MDA; ↑ SOD and GSH-PX

[87]

 

Rats

Oxidative injury

50

Chitosan

280 mg/kg

30

↑ Testicular function; ↑ testosterone levels, ameliorating testicular tissue; ↓markers of oxidative stress in male rats

[88]

 

Rats

Renal injury

68–122

 

0.1 mg/kg

14

↑ Kidney relative weight; ↑ serum urea, creatinine, Kim-1, and renal malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, cytochrome c, Bax, and caspase-3 levels

[89]

 

Rats

ACR-induced injury

25–51

Chitosan

0.2 mg/kg/d

60

Ch-SeNPs (0.2 mg/kg/d) displayed more protection against ACR-induced damages comparing to Na2SeO3

[90]

 

Rats

Reproductive toxicity

  

0.5 mg/kg

60

SeNPs improved DLM-induced negative effects on sperm characteristics, testosterone, and antioxidant biomarkers, as well as behavioral and histopathological alterations. The SeNPs treated group showed improved semen parameters, antioxidant status, and sexual performance

[79]

 

Rats

Streptozotocin STZ-induced diabetes

10–80

 

0.1 mg/kg

28

SeNPs increased the glutathione content and antioxidant enzyme activities in testicular tissues. Moreover, microscopic analysis proved that SeNPs are able to prevent histological damage inthe testes of STZ-diabetic rats

[91]

 

Rats

Diabetic nephropathy during pregnancy

  

2.5 mg/kg

42

SeNPs significantly reduced the rate of urination, accelerated the start of gestation, and increased the percentage of successful pregnancy in females with DM

[92]

 

Rats

Carbon tetrachloride-induced toxic damage of liver

15–27

 

0.1 mg/kg

14

A high dose of SeNPsto rats with toxic liver damage decreases the concentration of lipid peroxidation products in the blood and normalizes the level of liver enzymes at a time of the damage of the urinary system

[93]

 

Rats

Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity

200–300

 

2.5 mg/kg

21

SeNPs pretreatment significantly improved the level of AST, urea, creatinine, MDA, LDH, and GSH in the CCl4 -injected rats towards the control levels

[94]

 

Rats

Cypermethrin-induced neurotoxicity

100

 

2.5 mg/kg

21

SeNPs increased levels of GABA and glutathione; on the other hand, it significantly prevented the rise in the levels of MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β

[95]

 

Rats

Nephropathy

  

5 mg/kg

30

Reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde levels in tissue samples were correctly modulated in the pups from N.P.s treated diabetic mothers.

[96]

 

Rats

Cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced neuro- and nephrotoxicity

3–5, 10–20

 

0.5 mg/ kg

56

SeNPs significantly ↓ CdCl2-induced elevation of serum kidney and brain damage biomarkers; lipid peroxidation; the percent of DNA fragmentation and nearly normalized the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and↑ activity and expression of antioxidant biomarkers

[97]

 

Rats

Brain oxidative damage

  

0.1 mg/kg

45

Enhanced brain antioxidant status and lower AChE activity and oxidative-inflammatory stress biomarkers. A significant downregulation of caspase 3 and upregulation of parvalbumin and Nrf2 protein expressions was observed in treated groups

[98]

 

Rats

MEL-induced renal function impairments

3.3–17

Green synthesis

0.5 mg/kg

28

MEL-induced nephropathic alterations represented by a significant increase in serum creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal TNFα, oxidative stress-related indices

[99]

 

Rabbits

Thermal stress

50–400

Lactic bacteria assisted synthesis

20 and 50 mg/kg

56

25 and 50 mg of nano-Se/kg diet,ncreasing the level of only BIO from a 25 to a 50 mg/kg diet gave more improvement inthe studied parameter

[100]

 

Chicken

Heat stress

100–500

 

0.5 mL/L

38

Weight gain, performance index, behavioral indices, MDA,SOD,immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, serum total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and serum creatinine concentrations increased (P < 0.01)

[101]

 

Chicken

Oxidative stress by enrofloxacin

100

Biogenic

0.6 mg/kg

42

Activity of cellular, humoral immune response and enzymatic, non enzymatic antioxidants was significantly decreases as a result of EFX treatment

[102]

 

Chicken

Oxidative stress

10–45

 

0.3 mg/kg

42

Highest serum IgG and IgM concentrations were recorded for non-stressed birds received nano-selenium and organic selenium

[103]

 

Chicken

Cr((VI)) induced hepatic injury

  

0.5 mg/kg

35

Histopathological examination suggested that the liver cells of the Cr(VI) poisoning group were more severely injured than the nano-Se addition group. RT-qPCR results showed that the relative expression of ACACA gene in the Cr(VI) poisoning group was significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the CPT1A gene’s expression was significantly decreased (P < 0.01)

[104]

Na2SeO3

Sows

Induced heat stress (35 °C)

30–70

 

0.5 mg Se/kg diet

25

↓ Greatly mRNA level of Hsp70; ↑ mRNA level of Hsp27

[105]

 

Sows

Induced heat stress (35 °C)

30–70

 

0.5 mg Se/kg diet

25

↑ Superoxide dismutase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the serum and liver; ↓ malondialdehyde in the serum and liver

[106]