Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation

Table 4 Factors contributing to viability of results in the literature

	Factor	Example	References
Diet-related factors	Mycotoxin	Aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins	[36, 48, 56]
	Source of contamination	Naturally contaminated	[52]
		Artificially contaminated	[88]
		Purified powder	[66]
	Substrate of contamination	Corn	[54]
		Wheat	[58]
		Barely	[52]
	Level of mycotoxin concentration	A wide range of mycotoxin concentrations	[54, 56, 58]
	Individual or combined contamination	Synergistic effects of deoxynivalenol and fumonisins	[89]
Animal-related factors	Species	Poultry, pigs, dairy cattle, dairy goats	[35, 46, 47, 68]
	Breed	Pigs: Yorkshire × Chester White × Duroc, Landrace × Yorkshire, Camborough Plus × C337	[52, 58, 90]
		Broilers: Arbor Acres, Ross-308	[34, 35]
		Ducks: Cherry Valley ducks, Pekin	[41, 42]
		Laying hens: Hy-Line Brown laying hens, ISA Brown laying hens	[38, 39]
	Sex	Pigs: all males, mixed sex and all females	[54, 56, 57]
	Age	21-d-old and 42-d-old female pigs	[52, 65]
	Production stage	Early-lactation vs. mid-lactation cows	[68, 69]
	Diet composition	Forage types in dairy total mixed ration	[68, 69]
Other factors	Exposure duration	Pigs: 21-d, 35-d test period	[52, 65]

ISSN: 2049-1891