Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation

Table 3 Effects of selected major mycotoxins on nutrient digestibility

Mycotoxin	Source of contamination	Animal model	LOAEL, mg/kg feed	Digestibility	Reference
AFB₁	Natural	Ducks	0.12002	DM, CP, GE	[41]
AFB₁	Artificial	Broilers	0.04	DM, CP, GE	[34]
AF	Artificial	Broilers	0.5	Net protein utilization;	[82]
AFB₁	Artificial	Broilers	1.5	ADE, N and amino acids	[83]
AF	Artificial	Broilers	2	Protein efficiency, net protein utilization	[82]
AF	Artificial	Laying hens	0.6	ADE and AME	[84]
AFB₁	Artificial	Pigs	0.28	DM, GE, ether extract	[46]
DON	Natural	Pigs	2.86	DM, GE, CP	[54]
DON	Natural	Pigs	4	DM, fat, Energy	[57]
DON	Artificial	Broilers	5	Tyrosine	[85]
DON	Artificial	Pigs	11.2	Tryptophan	[86]
FUM	Artificial	Broilers	20	DM	[85]
FUM	Artificial	Pigs	15	CF, DE	[87]
FUM	Artificial	Pigs	30	CF	[87]
OTA	Artificial	Broilers	2	Protein efficiency, netprotein utilisation	[82]
ZEN	Artificial	Pigs	11.6	Tryptophan	[86]
ZEN + FUM	Purified ZEN+ Natural FUM	Broilers	1 + 3.15	DM, OM, CP, GE	[59]
ZEN + FUM	Purified ZEN+ Natural FUM	Broilers	1 + 5.5	DM, OM, CP, GE	[59]
DON + FUM	Artificial	Broilers	1.5 + 20	DM	[85]
DON + FUM	Artificial	Broilers	5 + 20	DM, ADE	[85]
DON + FUM	Artificial	Dairy cattle	0.733 + 0.994	DM and neutral detergent fiber	[68]

^aLOAEL Lowest-observed-effect-level, ^bDM Dry matter, CP Crude protein, GE Gross energy, DE Digestible energy, OM Organic matter, ADE Apparent digestible energy

ISSN: 2049-1891