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Table 2 Clinical impacts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the patients with inflammatory bowel disease

From: Role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, citrus pectin, and milk-derived exosomes on intestinal barrier integrity and immunity in animals

Clinical study

Under IBD medications

ω-3 PUFA(s) assessed

Immune response and morphological changes

Reference

Ethanol-induced duodenum lesions

No

Fish oil

↑LTC5; ↓endoscopic and histologic lesions; =(PGE2, PGI2, TXB2)

[87]

Pediatric ulcerative colitis in remission

Yes

EPA

↓LTB4; =histological score

[88]

Active distal proctocolitis

No

Fish oil

↑Clinical, endoscopic and histological remission

[89]

Active ulcerative colitis

No

Fish oil

↑Clinical and histological remission

[90]

Active ulcerative colitis

No

Fish oil

↑Endoscopic remission; =clinical and histological score

[91]

Active ulcerative colitis

No

Fish oil

↑Clinical, endoscopic and histological remission

[92]

Active ulcerative colitis or CD

Yes

Fish oil

↑Clinical, endoscopic and histological remission

[93]

Active ulcerative colitis or CD

Yes

Fish oil

↓(PGE2, PGI2, TXB2)

[94]

Active ulcerative colitis

Yes

Salmon fillet

↑Clinical, endoscopic and histological remission

[95]

Active ulcerative colitis

Yes

EPA

↑Clinical and endoscopic remission

[96]

Ulcerative colitis in remission

No

Fish oil

↑Temporary clinical, macroscopic and histologic remission; delayed early relapse

[97]

Ulcerative colitis in remission

Yes

EPA

↑Endoscopic and histological remission

[98]

Ulcerative colitis in remission

Yes

EPA

↑(IL-10, SOCS3, IL-22, HES-1, KLF-4, goblet cell abundance, endoscopic and histological remission); ↓phospho-STAT3; =(IL-10, SOCS3, STAT3, Ki67, c-MYC, LGR5, MUC2, HES-1, KLF-4)

[99]

Active ulcerative colitis or in remission

Yes

Fish oil

=(Bleeding, disease relapse, endoscopic and histological score)

[100]

Active ulcerative colitis

Yes

Fish oil

=Endoscopic and histologic scores

[101]

Quiescent ulcerative colitis

Yes

EPA and DHA

=(Disease relapse, endoscopic and histological score)

[102]

  1. The arrow indicates an increase (↑) or decrease (↓) in the level or activity of the different parameters analysed, “=” symbol designates unchanged parameters. CD Crohn’s disease, COX Cyclooxygenase, c-MYC c-Myelocytomatosis proto-oncogene, HES-1 Hairy and enhancer of split-1, IBD Inflammatory bowel disease, IL Interleukin, Ki67 Cell proliferation marker, KLF-4 Kruppel-like factor-4, LGR5 Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5, LT Leukotriene, PG Prostaglandin, PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid, p-STAT3 Phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, SOCS3 Suppressor of cytokine signalling-3, STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, TXB Thromboxane