Potential of a fucoidan-rich Ascophyllum nodosum extract to reduce Salmonella shedding and improve gastrointestinal health in weaned pigs naturally infected with Salmonella

Table 9 Effect of ANE and residual effect of ZnO on the expression of inflammation-associated genes in the ileum and colon (Least-square mean values ± SEM)

Target gene	Treatment			SEM	P-value
Target gene	Control	ZnO-residual	ANE	SEM	P-value
Ileum¹
IL1A	1.01	0.90	0.96	0.056	0.384
IL6	1.18	1.01	1.01	0.141	0.625
IL7	1.23	1.01	1.01	0.133	0.330
CXCL8	1.47	1.09	0.95	0.320	0.555
IL10	0.98	0.81	0.99	0.058	0.075
IL17A	1.28	1.68	0.75	0.343	0.116
IL22	1.47^a	0.86^ab	0.72^b	0.190	0.017
IFNG	1.31	1.17	0.99	0.245	0.691
TNF	1.00	1.17	0.99	0.116	0.474
TGFB1	1.25^a	0.99^ab	0.86^b	0.083	0.007
FOXP3	1.05	0.97	0.97	0.125	0.882
CCL20	1.24	1.13	0.80	0.209	0.327
TLR4	1.10	0.96	1.02	0.096	0.571
TP53	0.98	1.08	1.03	0.052	0.356
MUC2	1.05	0.94	1.23	0.195	0.346
TJP1/ZO-1	1.05	1.06	1.06	0.094	0.905
STAT3	1.39	1.07	1.09	0.206	0.979
CHRM1	1.29	1.35	1.54	0.459	0.717
NOX1	1.27	1.21	0.96	0.266	0.368
DUOX2	0.88	0.80	0.75	0.096	0.636
Colon²
IL1A	1.17	0.95	0.96	0.122	0.420
IL6	1.14	1.05	1.25	0.221	0.825
IL7	1.07	0.94	1.08	0.113	0.514
CXCL8	1.12	1.13	0.94	0.138	0.574
IL10	1.09	1.00	1.03	0.125	0.882
IL17A	1.10	1.03	1.02	0.172	0.940
IL22	1.24	0.91	1.23	0.213	0.475
IFNG	0.91	1.00	1.04	0.097	0.642
TNF	1.20	0.97	0.90	0.122	0.196
TGFB1	1.07	0.89	1.16	0.117	0.289
FOXP3	0.88	1.01	1.28	0.153	0.196
CCL20	1.13^ab	1.67^a	0.62^b	0.223	0.007
TLR4	0.91	0.98	1.13	0.114	0.154
TP53	1.03	0.99	0.98	0.055	0.752
MUC2	1.09	1.06	1.11	0.105	0.953
TJP1/ZO-1	0.99	1.05	1.00	0.044	0.529
STAT3	1.10	0.98	1.17	0.120	0.521
CHRM1	1.20	1.50	1.24	0.235	0.623
NOX1	1.09	1.13	1.08	0.114	0.959
DUOX2	1.05	1.23	1.07	0.146	0.630

ANE, Ascophyllum nodosum extract; ZnO, Zinc oxide; IL1A, Interleukin 1 alpha; IL6, Interleukin 6; IL7, Interleukin 7; CXCL8, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8; IL10, Interleukin 10; IL17A, Interleukin 17 alpha; IL22, Interleukin 22; IFNG, Interferon gamma; TNF, Tumour necrosis factor; TGFB1, Transforming growth factor beta 1; FOXP3, Forkhead box P3; CCL20, C-C motif chemokine ligand 20; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; TP53, Tumour protein p53; MUC2, Mucin 2; TJP1/ZO-1, Tight junction protein 1/Zona occludens 1; STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; CHRM1, Cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1; NOX1, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1; DUOX2, Dual oxidase 2
^a,bMean values within a row with different superscript lowercase letter indicate significant differences between dietary treatments (P < 0.05)v
¹A total of 12 replicates were used per dietary treatment apart from ANE whereby 11 replicates were used (replicate = pig)
²A total of 12 replicates were used per dietary treatment (replicate = pig)

ISSN: 2049-1891