Growth efficiency, intestinal biology, and nutrient utilization and requirements of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae compared to monogastric livestock species: a review

Table 1 A summary of literature values (ranges) for prepupae wet weight, duration of larval development, survival, and protein and fat content of black soldier fly larvae reared on different kinds of substrates

Items	Manure¹	Feed concentrate²	By-products³	Sludge⁴
Rearing temperature, °C	9–32	20–35	20–35	21–28
Prepupae wet weight, mg	70–299	99–252	60–78	70–190
Larval development, d	30–34	15–24	19–30	15–20
Survival rate, %	74–93	81–93	80–98	39–76
Protein content, % of DM⁵	32–45	33–39	45–46	–
Lipid content, % of DM	18–33	31–35	20–31	–

¹Based on references: [15, 47,48,49,50,51]
²Based on references: [45,46,47, 52, 53]
³Dried distillers grain, sugar beet pulp [18], vegetable by-products [18, 45, 46]
⁴Digested and undigested sludge [47], faecal sludge [54]
⁵In all of these studies nitrogen content was converted to crude protein content by multiplication with factor 6.25

ISSN: 2049-1891