Fig. 4

Effect of very low protein diets supplemented with limiting and branched-chain amino acids higher than recommended levels on mRNA abundance of markers associated with Ca/P reabsorption in kidney. (A) calbindin 1 (CALB1), (B) cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (CYP24A1), (C) parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), (D) solute carrier family 17 member 4 (SLC17A4), (E) solute carrier family 34 member 1 (SLC34A1), (F) solute carrier family 34 member 2 (SLC34A2), (G) transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 (TRPV5), (H) thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA), (I) solute carrier family 34 member 3 (SLC34A3). PC (positive control), standard protein diet; NC (negative control), low protein diet supplemented with limiting amino acids (LAA, i.e., Lys, Met, Thr and Trp); L25, low protein diet supplemented with LAA, 25% more than NRC (2012) requirements; L50: low protein diet supplemented with LAA 50% more than NRC requirements; LB25: low protein diets supplemented with LAA and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA, i.e., Leu, Ile and Val) 25% more than NRC requirements; LB50: low protein diet supplemented with LAA and BCAA 50% more than NRC requirements. ^a P ≤ 0.05 LB25 vs. PC, ^c P ≤ 0.05 LB25 vs. NC, ^e P ≤ 0.05 LB25 vs. L25, ^f P ≤ 0.05 LB50 vs. L50. ^@ 0.05 < P ≤ 0.1 LB25 vs. PC, ^# 0.05 < P ≤ 0.1 LB50 vs. PC, ^$ 0.05 < P ≤ 0.1 LB25 vs. NC, ^& 0.05 < P ≤ 0.1 LB50 vs. NC, ^* 0.05 < P ≤ 0.1 LB25 vs. L25. The values are means ± standard error of the mean, n = 8