A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary fat effects on reproductive performance of sows and growth performance of piglets

Wang, Lixue; Zhang, Shuai; Johnston, Lee J.; Levesque, Crystal L.; Yin, Jingdong; Dong, Bing

doi:10.1186/s40104-021-00662-3

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Table 1 Summary of articles used for meta-analysis

From: A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary fat effects on reproductive performance of sows and growth performance of piglets

Authors	Suppl. period¹	Treat. No.²	Fat level³, %	Fat type	ADFI, kg/d	ADEI, Mcal/d	Litter size (birth)	Liveborn litter size	Litter WT⁴ (birth), kg	Litter WT⁴ (wean), kg	Litter ADG, kg/d	Litter size (wean)	Survival rate⁵,%	Sow Δ-WT⁶ (farr-wean), kg	Sow Δ-BF⁷ (farr-wean), mm	Sow WEI⁸, d	Milk fat concentration, %	Temp⁹
[4] Tilton et al. 1999	G110~L28		C: 0		6.21±1.23	19.99±4.3			15.54±1.86	58.76±7.1	2.06±0.25		96.0±10.6	-2.18±11.45	-1.01±1.9		7.72±0.86	Neutral
	G110~L28	1	F: 10%	Tallow	5.73±1.23	21.00±4.3			15.02±1.86	57.34±7.1	2.02±0.25		92.1±10.6	-1.73±11.45	0.45±1.9		9.59±0.86	Neutral
	G110~L21		C: 0		5.04±0.58	16.43±2.4			14.96±1.35	58.19±3.8	2.06±0.12
	G110~L21	2	F: 10%	Tallow	4.97±0.58	18.49±2.4			14.48±1.35	61.96±3.8	2.26±0.12							Neutral
[5] Jin et al. 2017	G90~L21		C: 0		5.15±0.21	16.37±0.23	10.85±2.24	10.35±2.13			1.629±0.39		91.23±6.75		-3.71±0.61	5.56±1.65	5.88±0.78	Neutral
		1	F1: 4.13%	Palm oil	4.91±0.21	16.41±0.23	10.86±2.24	10.33±2.13			1.796±0.39		93.09±6.75		-3.14±0.61	4.95±1.65	6.35±0.78
		2	F2: 3.89%	Fish oil	5.00±0.21	16.69±0.23	11.64±2.24	11.36±2.13			2.160±.39		96.81±6.75		-3.48±0.61	4.31±1.65	6.56±0.78
		3	F3: 3.78%	Soybean oil	4.95±0.21	16.59±0.23	11.64±2.24	11.45±2.13			1.965±0.39		96.82±6.75		-3.36±0.61	4.37±1.65	7.15±0.78
[6] Shurson and Irvin 1992	L1~L28		C: 0		3.393±1.288	10.72±4.072	9.85±2.4	9.00±2.36	14.1±3.2	59.1±2.8	1.607±0.68		71.1±30.7	-10.7±18.4	-5.0±5.6		6.12±1.74	Neutral
		1	F: 10%	Corn oil	3.096±1.247	11.02±4.438	8.65±2.32	7.99±2.36	13.0±3.2	56.4±2.8	1.550±0.68		76.7±30.7	-12.3±20.9	-4.0±5.4		7.84±1.74	Neutral
			C: 0		3.925±0.73	12.403±2.32	10.33±3.0	9.66±2.9	14.6±4.2	63.7±19.7	1.754±0.56		83.6±25.4	-19.0±21.4	-4.0±4.2	11.2±8.2	6.51±2.68	Neutral
		2	F: 10%	Corn oil	3.843±0.71	13.681±2.54	9.7±3.26	9.29±2.9	14.6±4.2	63.7±19.7	1.754±0.56		80.9±25.4	-9.5±22.1	-3.1±4.8	9.2±8.2	8.18±2.68	Neutral
[7] Azain MJ 1993	G91~L7		C: 0		2.957±0.66	10.0±2.25	16.81±1.79	11.33±2.33	13.07±3.26	46.96±9.9	1.61±0.31		80.2±11.87				8.78±2.2	Neutral
		1	F1: 12%	Soybean oil	3.243±0.66	12.0±2.57	16.41±1.79	10.79±2.33	13.03±3.26	48.53±9.9	1.69±0.31		81.2±11.87				9.62±2.2
		2	F2: 12%	10%MCT+2%soybean oil	3.286±0.66	12.37±2.43	17.1±1.79	11.59±2.33	14.31±3.26	58.87±9.9	2.12±0.31		90.3±11.87				7.62±2.2
[8] Averette et al. 1999	G90~L21		C: 0		4.42±1.48	14.608±4.8	16.14±2.64	14.43±3.46			2.26±0.07		85.97±16.4	-0.98±4.06			7.8±1.9	Neutral
		1	F: 10%	Choice white grease	4.19±1.48	15.674±5.5	15.83±2.64	11.67±3.46			2.24±0.07		78.70±16.4	-7.15±4.06			10±1.9
			C: 0		4.85±1.48	16.029±4.8	12±2.64	11.5±3.46			2.25±0.07		83.89±16.4	-7.72±4.06
		2	F: 10%	Choice white grease	4.49±1.48	16.797±5.5	11.33±2.64	10.33±3.46			2.69±0.07		88.66±16.4	-4.16±4.06
			C: 0		4.36±1.48	14.41±4.8	9.84±2.64	9.5±3.46			1.816±0.07		96.48±16.4	2.43±4.06
		3	F: 10%	Choice white grease	4.00±1.48	14.96±5.5	10.34±2.64	9.67±3.46			1.736±0.07		91.03±16.4	-3.93±4.06
			C: 0		4.78±1.48	15.80±4.8	10.34±2.64	10.00±3.46			2.79±0.07		92.82±16.4	-0.88±4.06
		4	F: 10%	Choice white grease	4.96±1.48	18.56±5.5	10.33±2.64	9.83±3.46			2.428±0.07		88.43±16.4	-7.43±4.06
[9] Christon et al. 1999	G105~L28		C: 0		6.2±0.84	18.46±2.76	14.4±1.41	13.6±1.41	15.8±1.41	92.4±6.79	2.8±0.28		77.9±11.3	-19.6±8.2	1.6±0.14			Neutral
		1	F1: 6%	Peanut-rapeseed oil:50:50	5.6±0.84	18.73±2.76	13.8±1.41	13.2±1.41	14.9±1.41	86.7±6.79	2.7±0.28		80.3±11.3	-14.0±8.2	4.5±0.14
		2	F2: 12%	Peanut-rapeseed oil:50:50	5.2±0.84	19.50±2.76	12.5±1.41	12.1±1.41	16.1±1.41	82.1±6.79	2.4±0.28		82.6±11.3	-13.0±8.2	-0.7±0.14
			C: 0		4.8±0.84	14.14±2.76	11.6±1.41	9.6±1.41	11.3±1.41	60.4±6.79	1.8±0.28		79.2±11.3	-8.6±8.2	-5.6±0.14			High
		3	F1: 6%	Peanut-rapeseed oil:50:50	5.7±0.84	18.60±2.76	10.2±1.41	10.1±1.41	12.7±1.41	63.4±6.76	1.9±0.28		82.0±11.3	-16.8±8.2	-5.6±0.14
		4	F2: 12%	Peanut-rapeseed oil:50:50	4.5±0.84	16.48±2.76	12.1±1.41	10.3±1.41	13.5±1.41	67.0±6.79	2.0±0.28		86.4±11.3	-15.4±8.2	-7.8±0.14
[10] Gatlin et al. 2002	G90~L15.5		C: 0		7.19±1.28	23.62±4.2	11.3±4.48	10.78±3.07			1.79±2.94		94.8±11.5	0±13.83	4.56±1.01	6.3±5.12		Neutral
		1	F1: 10%	MCT	6.41±1.26	23.79±4.67	11.47±4.41	10.55±3.07			1.87±2.9		94.2±11.3	0.155±13.48	4.39±9.96	5.84±5.04
		2	F2: 10%	choice white grease	6.54±1.26	24.28±4.67	11.44±4.41	10.73±3.02			1.88±2.9		93.9±11.3	0.155±13.48	3.57±9.96	6.59±5.04
[11] Schoenherr et al. 1989	G100~L22		C: 0		5.90±0.82	19.4±3.12					1.88±0.31		91.0±9	2.6±1.3		7.0±3		Neutral
		1	F1: 10.65%	choice white grease	5.31±0.82	20.0±3.12					1.98±0.33		93.8±9	2.0±1.3		4.1±3		Neutral
			C: 0		3.36±1.84	10.9±1.84					1.64±0.27		94.7±9	15.9±9.1		5.4±2.9		High
		2	F2: 10.65%	choice white grease	3.54±1.84	13.0±1.84					1.79±0.30		94.9±9	16.3±9.1		4.8±2.9		High
[12] Christon et al. 2005	G105~L28		C: 0%		6.2±1.8	18.59±3.51	14.4±3.2	13.6±2.8	15.8±2.1	92.4±17.2	2.8±0.6	10.6±0.7	77.9±2.5	-19.7±3.8	1.6±0.4		7.5±0.4	Neutral
		1	F1: 6%	Peanut oil+sugarbeet oil:50:50	5.6±1.2	18.73±2.58	13.8±2.7	18.3±2.5	14.9±3.0	86.7±14.6	2.7±0.4	10.6±0.7	57.9±2.5	-13.7±7.8	4.5±0.9		5.87±0.4
		2	F2: 12%	Peanut oil+sugarbeet oil:50:50	5.2±1.6	19.52±5.13	12.5±3.3	12.1±2.8	16.1±3.3	82.1±14.5	2.4±0.4	10.1±0.8	83.5±2.5	-13.0±9.0	-10.7±2.1		12.1±0.4
			C: 0%		4.8±1.3	14.14±3.7	11.6±5.5	9.6±3.9	11.3±3.8	60.6±19.0	1.8±0.6	7.6±1.7	79.2±0.4	-7.6±2.0	-5.6±1.2		6.3±0.2	High
		3	F1: 6%	Peanut oil+sugarbeet oil:50:50	5.7±0.9	18.63±2.89	10.2±2.6	10.0±2.4	12.7±3.3	63.4±15.2	1.9±0.5	8.2±1.7	82±0.4	-15.9±2.1	-5.6±0.9		7.5±0.2
		4	F2: 12%	Peanut oil+sugarbeet oil:50:50	4.5±0.8	16.48±2.82	12.1±3.2	10.3±3.3	13.5±3.0	67±12.7	2.0±0.4	8.9±1.2	86.4±0.4	-15.4±2.0	-7.8±1.2		8.44±0.3
[13] Wang et al. 2017	G107~L21		C: 0		5.75±0.66	17.01±1.8	11.47±0.96	10.87±2.88	16.57±1.68	60.05±5.8	2.07±0.2		93.0±17.8				6.20±1.2	Neutral
[13] Wang et al. 2017	G107~L21	1	F: 3%	Soybean oil	5.47±0.66	17.03±1.8	11.46±0.96	10.92±2.88	16.28±1.68	57.66±5.8	1.97±0.2		94.0±17.8				6.29±1.2	Neutral
[14] Ma et al. 2020	G107~L24		C: 0		6.91±1.23	22.8±2.84	10.2±2.12	10.02±2.1	16.18±4.0	70.71±6.0	2.21±0.33		93.45±6.48	-33.43±20.1	-1.55±3.1		5.21±0.8	Neutral
[14] Ma et al. 2020	G107~L24	1	F: 8%	Soybean oil	5.39±1.23	20.1±3.08	10.58±2.12	10.58±2.1	18.01±4.0	74.72±6.0	2.41±0.33		98.93±6.48	25.64±20.1	-1.51±3.1		5.95±0.8	Neutral
[15] Neal et al. 1999	G105~L28		C: 0		3.9±0.36	12.68±1.17	11.52±4.61	9.76±4.4	13.078±0.36	60.449±1.71	1.692±0.05		89.2±7.3	-10.64±5.0	-3.02±0.16			Neutral
		1	F1: 3%	Low acid yellow fat	3.63±0.37	12.30±1.25	11.56±4.67	9.78±4.4	13.594±0.36	59.84±1.71	1.65±0.05		82.38±7.3	-11.5±5.0	-1.83±0.09
		2	F2: 6%		3.86±0.36	13.61±1.26	11.56±4.49	9.78±4.4	13.105±0.36	58.879±1.56	1.635±0.05		83.5±7.3	-7.0±3.0	-1.83±0.08
		3	F3: 9%		3.67±0.35	13.41±1.27	11.36±4.37	9.52±4.4	12.566±0.36	57.642±1.56	1.61±0.05		80.3±7.3	-11.76±5.0	-1.98±0.08
[17] Lauridsen et al. 2004	G108~L28		C: 0		6.04±4.55	19.41±1.65	12.2±0.29	11.3±2.5			2.068±0.48		89.2±11.5	6.7±12.5			6.5±1.04	Neutral
		1	F1: 8%	Animal fat	5.85±4.55	21.09±1.65	13±0.29	11.6±2.5			2.453±0.48		95.0±11.5	6.4±12.5			7.1±1.04
		2	F2: 8%	Rapeseed oil	5.82±4.55	20.95±1.65	13.2±0.29	12.1±2.5			2.279±0.48		88.0±11.5	4.1±12.5			6.4±1.04
		3	F3: 8%	Fish oil	5.81±4.55	21.14±1.65	12.4±0.29	10.8±2.5			2.118±0.48		88.1±11.5	2.7±12.5			6.5±1.04
		4	F4: 8%	Coconut oil	5.83±4.55	20.93±1.65	14±0.29	12.7±2.5			2.368±0.48		90.0±11.5	4.6±12.5			7.5±1.04
		5	F5: 8%	Palm oil	5.9±4.55	21.1±1.65	12.7±0.29	11.7±2.5			2.371±0.48		89.4±11.5	3.5±12.5			7.1±1.04
		6	F6:8%	Sunflower oil	5.83±4.55	21.36±1.65	14.1±0.29	12.5±2.5			2.454±0.48		90.2±11.5	11.0±12.5			6.9±1.04
[18] Rosero et al. 2012	G110±2~L19±2		C: 0		4.08±1.19	13.22±3.85		11.67±3.13			2.11±2.38		89.79±23.8	-1.61±24.7	-0.36±0.36	9.2±7.33		High
		1	F1: 2%	Animal-vegetable fat	4.18±1.2	13.96±3.96		11.84±3.13			2.20±2.4		89.04±23.8	-2.27±24.7	-0.31±0.36	7.8±7.33
		2	F2: 4%		4.44±1.19	15.23±4.12		11.55±3.13			2.13±2.38		89.22±23.8	-0.76±24.7	-0.29±0.36	7.9±7.33
		3	F3: 6%		4.34±1.19	15.32±4.13		11.69±3.13			2.16±2.38		88.58±23.8	-2.20±24.7	-0.26±0.36	8.0±7.33
[19] Rosero et al. 2012	G110±2~L22±2		C: 0		4.2±0.96	13.71±3.41	12.98±3.12	11.76±2.81			2.074±0.37		89.0±1.11	-0.27±0.81				High
		1	F1: 2%	Animal-vegetable fat	4.36±0.96	14.64±3.41	13.14±3.35	11.90±3.01			2.098±0.37		90.2±1.11	-0.17±0.81
		2	F2: 4%		4.5±0.96	15.52±3.41	13.96±3.16	12.96±2.84			2.039±0.37		88.6±1.11	-0.24±0.81
		3	F3: 6%		4.46±0.96	15.81±3.41	14.06±3.32	13.05±2.98			2.137±0.37		90.7±1.11	-0.17±0.81
			C: 0		4.2±0.96	13.71±3.41	12.98±3.12	11.76±2.81			2.074±0.37		89.0±1.11	-0.27±0.81				High
		4	F4: 2%	Choice white grease	4.36±0.96	14.62±3.41	12.32±3.32	11.20±2.98			2.209±0.37		91.5±1.11	-0.05±0.81
		5	F5: 4%		4.38±0.96	15.07±3.41	13.72±3.2	12.41±2.88			2.103±0.37		87.1±1.11	-0.11±0.81
		6	F6: 6%		4.26±0.96	15.06±3.41	14.03±3.39	12.99±3.05			2.101±0.37		87.5±1.11	0.11±0.81
[20] Shurson et al. 1986	G107~L28		C: 0		4.54±1.06	14.18±4.27	10.2±2.8	9.4±2.53	14.7±4.22	48.9±14.5	1.62±0.5		88.4±2.0	-10.8±4.9		9.69±10.72	8.8±1.91	Neutral
[20] Shurson et al. 1986	G107~L28	1	F: 10%	Dried fat	4.57±1.06	15.84±4.27	10.9±2.8	10.2±2.53	16.8±4.22	56.1±14.5	1.87±0.5		88.0±2.0	-11.2±4.9		7.25±10.72	11.2±1.91	Neutral
[24] Coffey et al. 1987	L0~L21		C: 0		4.5±0	14.3±0	10.86±2.71	9.64±2.7			1.47±0.36		89.1±13.2	-14.49±8.0			4.89±2.17	Neutral
[24] Coffey et al. 1987	L0~L21	1	F: 10%	Vegetable oil	5.0±0	18.385±0	10.09±2.71	9.9±2.7			1.48±0.36		87.0±13.2	-12.84±8.0			5.23±2.17	Neutral
[27] Rosero et al. 2015	G110~L17		C: 0														6.3±0.85
		1	F1: 6%	Animal-vegetable fat													6.7±0.85	Neutral
		2	F2: 6%	Choice white grease													7.1±0.85	Neutral
[28] Leonard et al. 2010	G109~L26		C: 0														8.91±1.23	Neutral
[28] Leonard et al. 2010	G109~L26	1	F1: 2%	Fish oil													8.43±1.23	Neutral

Note: ¹Period of fat supplementation. G: Gestation period; L: Lactation Period. ²Treat. No.: The No. of a treatment in a study. In forest plots in following analysis, one treatment was labelled as Reference No. + Treatment No. ³Fat level: Levels of supplemental fat; “C” represents un-supplemented controls; “F” represents fat supplemented treatments; Numbers represent treatment No. ⁴Litter weight at birth or at weaning. ⁵Survival rate was calculated by litter size at weaning divided by litter size after cross-foster within 24-48 h after farrowing as indicated in articles (except for [10] which performed cross-fostering after 72 hrs postpartum). ⁶Sow Δ-WT: Change of sow body weight from farrowing to wean. Negative value meant loss while positive value meant gain. ⁷Sow Δ-WT: Change of sow backfat thickness from farrowing to wean. Negative value meant loss while positive value meant gain. ⁸Sow weaning to estrus interval (sow WEI). ⁹Temp.: Environmental temperature during studies; “High” represents the study was conducted at high temperature; “Neutral” represents at neutral temperature. Other abbreviations: Average daily feed intake during lactation period (ADFI); Average daily energy intake during lactation period (ADEI); Litter average daily gain during lactation (Litter ADG), Total piglet numbers per litter at birth (Litter size (birth)); Total live piglet numbers per litter at birth (Liveborn litter size); Litter size at weaning (Litter size (wean)). MCT: medium chain triglyceride. All values, expressed as mean±standard deviation (MEAN±SD), are either reported in the text of articles or calculated by available parameters in articles

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