Resistant starch: Implications of dietary inclusion on gut health and growth in pigs: a review

Table 3 Immunomodulatory effects of resistant starch (RS) in animal studies^a

Test animal	Type of RS	Immune effects	References
Grower pigs	High amylose corn and RPS (RS 11%)	Increased TNF-α, MCP2, MUC2	[110]
Grower pigs	Retrograded tapioca starch (RS 34%)	Increased PPARγ Decreased NFKB, TLR4, BCL6, ICOS, and CR2	[127]
Grower pigs	RPS (RS > 13%)	Increased IL-1β, F7, PolIII, TLR6 Decreased CD4, ITGB3, CTSB, C1S, SERPING1, TLR7	[43]
Grower pigs	RPS (RS 15.3%)	Increased MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC12	[128]
Finishing pigs	High amylose corn starch (68.5% amylose)	Increased IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, and TNF-α in pigs with Prevotella-rich enterotype	[129]
Pregnant sows	Pea starch (Gestation RS 5.4%; Lactation RS 8.6%)	Increased zonula occludens-1 in piglets	[100]
Pregnant sows	RPS (RS 5 %)	Increased MUC2, IL6, DEF1B, cecal immunoglobulin A, and regulatory T cells	[44]
Ducks	RPS (RS 3.8%, 7.4% and 19.5%)	Increased claudin-1, zonula occludens-1, MUC2, reduced plasma TNF-α, IL-1β and endotoxin (RS 7.4%)	[130]

^aBCL6 B-cell lymphoma 6, CD4 Cluster of differentiation 4, CR2 Complement receptor type 2, CTSB Cathepsin B, C1S Complement component 1S, DEF1B Defensin beta 1, ICOS Inducible T cell co-stimulator, IL Interleukin, ITGB3 Integrin subunit beta 3, MCP2 Monocyte chemoattractant protein 2, MUC Mucin, NFKB Nuclear factor kappa B, PolIII RNA polymerase III, PPARγ Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, RPS Raw potato starch, SERPING1 Serpin Family G Member 1, TLR Toll like receptor, TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor alpha

ISSN: 2049-1891