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Table 2 Resistome in the digestive tract of poultry based on metagenome sequencing

From: A review of the resistome within the digestive tract of livestock

Sample

Use of antimicrobials

Name of antimicrobial

Major findings

Reference

Feces

(n = 6)

NM

–

–Predominant by tetracycline, MLS, aminoglycoside, and β-lactam.

[30]

Feces

(n = 4)

Yes

NS

–Predominant by tetracycline, followed by aminoglycoside.

[120, 121]

Feces

(n = 178)

Yes

NS

–Tetracycline, macrolide, β-lactam and aminoglycoside AMR made up the majority of ARGs.

[122]

Feces

(n = 12)

Yes

Chlortetracycline

–Predominant by MDR, followed by aminoglycoside, and tetracycline.

–Chlortetracycline at low or therapeutic doses did not alter the relative abundance of total ARGs and predominant ARG classes.

[126, 138]

Feces

(n = 63)

Yes

NS

–Predominant by tetracycline, followed by MLS, aminoglycoside, and β-lactam.

–More abundant ARGs in the fecal samples collected in markets than farms.

[139]

Feces

(n = 15)

Yes

Ampicillin

–Predominant by tetracycline.

–Ampicillin led to the increase in the abundance of ARGs belonging to β-lactam and bacitracin, and decrease of those belonging to tetracycline.

–Increase in β-lactam, bacitracin-resistance, and MDR genes were more evident for oral than intramuscular administration of ampicillin.

[140]

Cecum

(n = 10)

Yes

NS

–Predominant by tetracycline, MLS, and cephalosporin resistant genes are the most abundant in two altitudes (730 m and 3300 m).

–Differential abundant MLS, cephalosporin, and tetracycline between low and high altitudes.

[141]

  1. ARG antimicrobial resistant gene, MLS macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, MDR multidrug resistance, NM not mentioned, NS not specified.