Table 3 Summary of electrochemical sensor platforms for detecting mycotoxins
From: Recent advances in immunoassays and biosensors for mycotoxins detection in feedstuffs and foods
Target | Method | Principle | Electrode | Sample | LOD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FB1/DON | Immunosensor | Differential pulse voltammetry | Indium tin oxide electrode integrated with PDMS microfluidic channel | Corn | 97/35 pg/mL | [119] |
OTA | Immunosensor | Differential pulse voltammetry | Gold electrode | Medicinal and edible malt | 0.08 ng/mL | [125] |
ZEN | Immunosensor | Square wave voltammetry | MoS2-Thi composite-modified glass carbon electrode | Human biofluids | 0.005 ng/mL | [112] |
ZEN | Immunosensor | Differential pulse voltammetry | Screen-printed electrode | Beer and wine | 0.25 ng/mL | [117] |
AFB1 | Immunosensor | Impedimetric | Cysteine/carbon nanotubes- modified gold electrode | Corn flour | 0.79 pg/g | [126] |
ZEN | Immunosensor | Differential pulse voltammetry | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and chitosan-modified glass carbon electrode | Cereal and feedstuff | 4.7 pg/mL | [127] |
OTA | Immunosensor | Differential pulse voltammetry | Palladium nanoparticles-modified carbon felt electrode | Coffee | 0.096 ng/mL | [128] |
AFB1 | Immunosensor | Cyclic voltammetry | Graphene quantum dots and AuNPs-modified Indium tin oxide electrode | Maize | 0.1 ng/mL | [129] |
ZEN/FB1 | Aptasensor | Differential pulse voltammetry | Co-reduced molybdenum disulfide/AuNPs-modified glass carbon electrode | Maize | 0.5 pg/mL | [122] |
OTA/FB1 | Aptasensor | Differential pulse voltammetry | Gold electrode | Beer | 0.47/0.26 pg/mL | [121] |
AFB1/OTA | Ratiometric aptasensor | Differential pulse voltammetry | Gold electrode | Corn and wheat | 4.3/13.3 pg/mL | [120] |
OTA/FB1 | Magneto-controlled aptasensor | Square wave voltammetry | Glassy carbon electrode | Maize | 20/5 pg/mL | [130] |
AFB1 | Ratiometric aptasensor | Alternating current voltammetry | Thionine functionalized reduced graphene oxide/AuNPs-modified glass carbon electrode | Peanut | 0.016 ng/mL | [123] |
T-2 | Aptasensor | Differential pulse voltammetry | Molybdenum disulfide/polyaniline/chitosan AuNPs-modified glassy carbon electrode | Beer | 1.79 fg/mL | [113] |
AFB1 | Aptasensor | Square wave voltammetry | Gold electrode | Beer | 2 nmol/L | [131] |
ZEN | Aptasensor | Square wave voltammetry | Cysteamine-hydrochloride/1,4-phenylene diisocyanate-modified gold electrode | Maize grain | 0.017 ng/mL | [132] |
AFM1 | Aptasensor | Impedance voltammetry | PtNPs/Fe-based metal organic frameworks-modified glassy carbon electrode | Powder and pasteurized milk | 2 pg/mL | [133] |
ZEN | Molecularly imprinted sensor | Impedimetric | Poly (o-phenylenediamine)- modified screen-printed gold electrode | Corn flakes | 0.2 ng/mL | [134] |
DON | Molecularly imprinted sensor | Impedimetric | Poly o-phenylenediamine-modified screen-printed gold electrode | Food | 0.3 ng/mL | [135] |
AFB2 | Molecularly imprinted sensor | Differential pulse voltammetry | ZnO-NPs/chitosan/polypyrrole modified screen-printed electrode | Fresh and pasteurized milk | 0.2 and 0.7 fg/mL | [124] |