Table 2 Summary of optical biosensor platforms for detecting mycotoxins

OTA/AFB1

Colorimetric

Aptamer, Fe₃O₄/graphene oxide and Fe₃O₄@Au

Agricultural products

0.5/5 ng/mL

[76]

AFB1/AFG1/AFM1/OTA/ZEN

Colorimetric

gold and silver nanoparticles

Pistachio, wheat, coffee and milk

2.7/ 7.3/ 2.1/3.3/ 7.0 ng/mL

[77]

AFB1

Colorimetric

Aptamer and AuNPs

Animal feed and milk

10 nmol/L

[97]

ZEN

Colorimetric

Aptamer and AuNPs with peroxidase-like activity

Corn and corn oil

10 ng/mL

[98]

AFB1/OTA

Fluorescent

Aptamer, DNA tweezers

Food

0.035 ng/mL

[83]

AFB1/OTA/FB1

Fluorescent protein microarray

Antibody, TiO₂-modified porous silicon

Rice, corn and wheat

0.243/0.433/0.093 ng/mL

[99]

ZEN/OTA/FB1

Fluorescent

Aptamer, upconversion nanoparticle and gold nanoparticle

Corn

30/10/0.02 pg/mL

[100]

ZEN/FB1

Fluorescent

Aptamer, gold nanorods and upconversion nanoparticles

Corn

0.01/0.003 ng/mL

[101]

AFB1/FB1

Fluorescent

Aptamer, graphene oxide/Fe3O4 and CdTe quantum dots

Peanut

6.7/16.2 pg/mL

[85]

OTA/OTB

Fluorescent

Nanobody, Eu/Tb nanosphere

Rice

0.06/0.12 ng/mL

[20]

FB1/OTA

Fluorescent

Aptamer, time-resolved nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles

Maize

0.019/0.015 pg/mL

[81]

OTA/AFB1

Fluorescent

Aptamer, SiO₂@QDs and magnetic nanoparticles

Corn

0.067/1.7 pg/mL

[102]

OTA/ZEN

Fluorescent

Antibody, upconversion-encoded microspheres and phycoerythrin

Corn

0.34/0.41 ng/mL

[82]

AFB1/ZEN

Fluorescent quenching

Aptamer, AuNCs and WS₂ nanosheet

Maize

0.34/0.53 pg/mL

[84]

ZEN/T-2/AFB1

Fluorescent quenching

Aptamer, time-resolved nanoparticles and WS₂ nanosheet

Maize

0.51/0.33/0.40 pg/mL

[103]

AFB1

Fluorescent quenching

Aptamer, CdZnTe QDs and AuNPs

Peanut

20 pg/mL

[79]

OTA

Fluorescent quenching

Aptamer, nitrogen doped carbon dots and AgNPs

Flour and beer

8.7 nmol/L

[80]

AFB1/OTA

Chemiluminescence

Antibody and AgNPs

Red yeast rice

0.44/0.83 pg/mL

[87]

DON

Electrochemiluminescence

Antibody, NPCo/Co₃O₄–Au and RuSi@Ru (bpy)₃²⁺

Wheat flour

1 pg/mL

[104]

OTA

Electrochemiluminescence

MIP, CdTe QDs and [Ru (bpy)₃]²⁺

Starch

0.25 fg/mL

[90]

AFB1

Electrochemiluminescence

Antibody and ZnCdS@ZnS quantum dots

Lotus seed

0.01 ng/mL

[92]

AFM1

Electrochemiluminescence

Aptamer, AuNPs-magnetic nanoparticles and luminol-functionalized silver nanoparticle-decorated graphene oxide

Milk

0.05 ng/mL

[105]

OTA

Electrochemiluminescence

CdS QDs, Cy5-labeled DNA

Beer and wine

0.012 nmol/L

[91]

AFB1/OTA/ZEN/DON

SPR

Antibody and self-assembled monolayer SPR chips

Cereal

0.59 /1.27 /7.07/ 3.26 ng/mL

[106]

DON/OTA

SPR

Antibody, nanostructured gold chips

Beer

17/7 ng/mL

[94]

AFB1

SPR

Antibody, AuNPs and self-assembled monolayer Au chips

Wheat

0.003 nmol/L

[96]

AFB1

SPR

Antibody, gold chips

Grains

2.51 ppb

[107]

AFB1

SPR

Aptamer, gold chips

Red wine

0.4 nmol/L

[108]