Fig. 1

Effects of xylanase (XE) and xylooligosaccharides (XO) inclusion in feed on ileal gene markers of immune cells of broilers at d 42 post-hatch. The expression of each gene was examined using RT-qPCR and expressed as fold change ratio to the β-actin housekeeping gene, with the level being set to 1 in broilers from xylanase 0 + xylooligosaccharides 0 group. XE0 = xylanase 0 BXU/kg or 0 g per ton feed, XE50 = xylanase 8,000 BXU/kg or 50 g per ton feed, XE100 = xylanase16,000 BXU/kg or 100 g per ton feed. XO0 = 0 g xylooligosaccharides per ton feed, XO50 = 50 g xylooligosaccharides per ton feed, XO100 = 100 g xylooligosaccharides per ton feed. CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) is a marker gene for T-cell. chB6 is a B-cell marker gene. IL-4 is a T-cell differentiation cytokine. CD56 (known as neural cell adhesion molecule) is a gene marker for natural killer cells. TLR-4 (Toll-like receptor 4) is a gene marker for macrophages. IL-10 (interleukin 10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. IL-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine